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A quarter - new release Gorse Folk

L to wait has been worth more than in 2008 and I talk about the model of Gorse Folk " A quarter "after just over two years and a great effort by the disc component is a reality since mid January this year.

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new work Aulaga Folk is a perfect example of what a line of work and evolution from its beginnings in folk music more traditional, leading this to a different dimension in the work of ethnographic and musical decostrucion the most traditional rhythms, songs in some cases collected by themselves in a unique work of fieldwork to offer a personal vision and enriched with a good mixture of styles.

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Folk Aulaga to top it off with the collaboration of important and renowned musicians to the development of this wonderful new work, such as Joaquin Diaz, Eliseo Parra, Javier Ruibal, Manuel Luna, Lavender o Mariquelo . The next will be held April 2 the official presentation of the disc in the theater Alcázar de Plasencia.

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I leave the interview José Miguel López Discopolis program presenter of Radio 3 done Aulaga Juan Carlos component Folk.
Click to hear the program>>> Discopolis Radio 3 interview Folk Aulaga

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Also from myspace Aulaga Folk can hear several songs from the new album as well as access information on upcoming concerts and more.

musical planet

Oliver Atom Kamehasutra

MISUNDERSTANDING Freedom and Development

LIBERTADORES AND DEVELOP

...

PROGRAM CHANGE

radical division (Tucumán 1956) posed to his players the need to justify it historically ... The Convention of Tucumán shortly before Frondizi formu-Gómez, was adopted as de1951 electoral platform the ... program akin to the declaration of Avellaneda in 1945.

Frondizi ... (09/02/1957), three months after the split: "The country will understand that this crisis is final, we are different. We speak two different languages, we experienced mixed feelings ... "

... In response to criticism ... (by) the diversion of the platform adopted in Avellaneda ..., the National Convention UCRI ... (26/08/1957) ... (adopted and incorporated) the statements and speeches ... (Frondizi ) incorporating the party program and was buried ... the Declaration of Avellaneda. Frondizi ... (exposed) repeatedly ... this new approach to national problems ... (14/01/1958) ... "... (to) get the country to handle ... the key economic levers such as energy, oil and steel trade, we will call to work ... those who wish to contribute their technical expertise and capital ... from whatever. Our government will be widely welcomed and legal certainty, to guarantee an independent judiciary, the economic interests that wish to participate in the production of our wealth. The country needs ..., the contribution of foreign capital, which will set out the guarantees ... will not admit any attempt that seeks feudalize our economy ... "

... ... doctrinal conversion UCRI materialized in December 1960 when National Convention ... in a message passed Chascomús Frondizi ... (about) the need to abandon obsolete ideologies ...

FACTS AND PROMISES

... (05/01/1958) the new president ... in the House of Representatives ... ... a post-program ... nothing was to say ... without ignoring the most contentious proposals, as if to drain the challenge he could not complain then hidden intentions.

... ... made a lengthy reference to the disastrous state of the economy and public finances. Announced that ... encourage ... (the) domestic savings, and would encourage the incorporation of foreign capital investment applied to the basic works ... the exploitation of natural resources, especially oil, coal, iron ... said it would assume the presidency of YPF to boost the production ... and reach self-sufficiency ... He called for urgent remedy the energy deficit ... ...

... (on) state enterprises ... ... not have new ownership, and ... these companies would be privatized, streamlined ... ... empr5esas not national, but would seek the input of capital clean them up

private

...

PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY

... mother industry in modern economies ... ... launches thousands of products ...

Practically, was nonexistent in 1958, barring any production ... ... YPF and military factories. The government passed Law 14781 Frondizi promotion of basic industries ... and ... the Decree 5039/61, which established the system of incentives for the petrochemical industry.

... from 1959 to 1961, seven filings were approved, with a total value of $ S140 million ... include a 'Petrochemicals Argentina SA '(PASA) ...' Imperial Chemical Industries 'and' Texas Butadiene. " Quintupled production of synthetic rubber, and ... saved $ 70 million annually.

forces and interests ... There was ... determined to lock the action of a government whose plans harmed the situation created since ancient ..., for example, those related to oil imports ... ...

OIL AND POLITICS

... December 1954 (Frondizi ... senses ... National Committee ... UCR) released its ... book "Oil and Politics." Under the doctrine ... (of) Avellaneda ... postulated the nationalization of deposits and the monopoly of the exploration, exploitation and marketing ... by YPF. With all the anti-imperialist literature ... of the time history, the abuses and crimes committed ... (by) the global political concessions to the big monopolies ... because the country was self-sufficient to get rid of these international cartels ...

caused

... huge surprise announcement ... (of) ... Frondizi ... the ... (24/07/1958) ... to launch the ... 'Battle Oil '... drew the following table: "Argentina mind ... 65% of fuel ... it consumes. About ... 14 million cubic meters in 1957 ... ... 10 million ... (imported) ... oil and its derivatives ... (were) over 21% of imports, ... All resulting in stagnation, paralysis ... "

was necessary ... to reduce the cost of currency ... (in) importation, for which contracts had been renegotiated ... ... (with) the 'British Petroleum' a rebate of $ s5-... (por9 ... ... announcement cubic meter an agreement with the ... (USSR) and ... with Colombia ... (by) oil for Argentine products, ie without use of foreign exchange.

{

during Yrigoyen governments, and dealings were above and similar agreements: Bilateral Agreement with Mexico, D'Abernon-Oyonarte Treaty and agreement with the Russian company 'Iuyamtorg'}

... (on the) self-sufficiency, ... it certainly reached and any out the efforts and sacrifices that had to do.

The executor ... would YPF oil policy, which would be given all available resources and would be restructured to give the character of modern enterprise and free from political interference. But the country's resources were scarce ... "We do not have, therefore, not an ounce of gold in Central Bank YPF"

regard ... (the) private capital, indispensable ... (by) the insufficiency and resources ... state companies would work for YPF., which would deliver ... (all) oil from drawing ... and would charge her work in domestic currency or currencies.

... be forwarded to Congress a draft law on hydrocarbons

1. solid and gaseous hydrocarbons are the exclusive property, indefeasible and inalienable right of the nation.
2. The management and overall responsibility for national oil policy will be in charge of YPF.
3. The provinces will share in the benefits ... ... of sites located within their jurisdiction.
4. existing situations to 1 May 1958 will be respected, but not give any further concession.

THE BATTLE OF OIL

... While the focus was steel ... ... the urgency ... (by) oil ... (was) imperative to save foreign exchange. In 1957 he had paid $ s217-million ... imported oil (U.S. $ S317 million and total-fuel) ...

... (11/04/1960) ... "In the last ten years import-78650000 cubic meters of oil ... (by) ... u $ s1.776-million ... with this amount could have conducted the most ambitious development plan ... We have helped finance not only steel plant in San Nicolas, but also plants Salto Grande hydroelectric and Chocón, without recourse to foreign contribution ..., thermal and hydroelectric plants installed at strategic points ..., purchase of transport ships, modernize our military equipment, build bridges, roads and airfields, overhaul the railways, assist farmers. In short transform the country. " The calculation of Frondizi ... (is on) the dollar in 1960.

...

{Note that this is a president in defense of a policy adopted and that the author is an advocate of the president and the above policy, therefore corresponds to a rigorous critical analysis}

... ...

statistics of oil production and imports shows that from 1907 ... at the beginning of the operation ... to 1957, the country needed to import growing volumes until 1957 ... barely covered production from ... (35/45 %) ... of consumption, imports the rest, while ... (they had) reserves ... (by) 600 million cubic meters of oil and gas ... despite the low consumption, ... 0.75 meters cubic per person per year ...

The tax rate ... (to) ... oil was so fast, that in sixty days had signed the main ... (contracts) ... with private companies and had revived the production of YPF ... six months after its subcontractors began delivering its production to YPF, after three years was achieved almost self-sufficiency in 1963, only imported 1.7 million cubic meters ... (was) 6% of total imports ... against 24% in 1957.

CONTRACTS

whatever the grounds of urgency ... (of) Frondizi ... (was) a reaction ... the signing of contracts with Frondizi foreign ... in his book, ... (and) a strong tradition rooted in various sectors ... conceptualized detrimental to national sovereignty intervention of private interests - worse, if they were outsiders - ... ...

(a) ... the Frondizi oil policy, besides this question of principle, voiced strong criticism ...: The contracts were signed without competitive bidding clandestinely and without the approval of Congress ...

Arturo Sabato representing President (Frondizi) in YPF, said that of the thirteen contracts ..., seven were the result of tenders public - one reserved for international and other Argentine companies - and the remaining six were ... (by) direct negotiations conducted by himself and then by the prescient ... Aguirre Legarreta YPF and Bruno, in exercise of statutory powers of the Board ...

... (on) the submission to Congress argued that the signing of contracts of this nature is exclusive function of the administrative power and there is no legal provision providing for legislative approval. By contrast YPF statutes have conferred such authority to the Board ... The reason for urgency, on the other hand, indicated the need to avoid the instance of Congress which would have led to endless debates.

{

perhaps the issue could happen of YPF to avoid competitive bidding and contract directly. In addition, those of the author - Oden - is contradicted by Robert Potash, as the contracts went SI by Congress and approved as the government had a majority in both houses}

(THE SELF-SUFFICIENCY )

"The CONADE ... report on the 1965-1969 development plan (period Illia government ...) ...: Until ... 1956, output grows at 4% accumulative increases in 1957/58 ... 7% cumulative annual 1959/62 ... ... 31% ... (So) ... doubled in three years, reaching almost to self-sufficiency ... ... "

{previously the author had noted that the crucial issue was to achieve self-sufficiency and not who - state / special / national / foreign - to the production / operation}

... the production of oil and gas ... tripled, up from 5.6 million cubic meters in 1957 to 18.5 million in 1963 ... YPF ... (brought in) oil and derivatives ... 30.3% (average of the years 1922 to 1957), excluding the years of War 2, ... to 94.2% in 1963.

in 1958 imported 10.3 million cubic meters of oil and derivatives ... u $ s217 million ... in 1960 it imported only 1.7 million cubic meters per ... u $ s38 million. Three foreign companies ... produced in 1963 to 30% of the total ... ... The cumulative production of three companies in 1963 was 16 million cubic meters, for $ 200 million ... ...

(COST)

president of YPF

... ... Facundo Suárez (Illia government) ... the cost of crude ... (of) YPF was u $ s12, 30 cubic meter ... (for) 'Pan American' (USA) was U.S. $ s9, 32 ... and the average imported crude oil in 1971 was U.S. $ 20, 30 ...

{

least nine years later, the comparison should be with and cost of imported crude oil to the same date}

... private contractors ... {produced until 1972 since when?} ... more than 62 million cubic meters ... (for) about $ s1000-million Saving ...

YPF capitalized

... ... (in) 1958/1963 ... (by) contributions from the Treasury and utilities ... ... (por9 oil market that gave contractors ... the oil delivered by 'Pan American' cost YPF, under contract, or $ s9, 32 cubic meter, and sold it to $ s13, 65 ...

{It is assumed that contracts establish any provision of updated}

... The One Tennessee ... was paid $ 11, 64 ... and sold it to $ s19, 35 ...

... YPF was capitalized at $ 200 million ... ... ... that allowed drilling 684 wells in 1961 to 309 wells ... in 1957.

YPF production, oil and gas ... ... rose from 5.3 million cubic meters in 1957 to 11.3 million in 1963 ... spent ... u $ s1000-million ...

The

private companies operating in less than 9% of the world ... (and) for four years ... (producing) ... 30% ... (Total). The 4.7 million cubic meters extracted by firms in 1963, equal to what was YPF throughout the country in 1957 ...

{taking the figures given by the author, these findings emerge:

• 1957 - Production of YPF - 4.7 million cubic meters.
• 1963 - Oil production -15.6 million cubic meters. YPF net - 10.9 million cubic meters. Increase compared to 1957 total more than 300%. YPF net increase of more than 200%.
• 1963 - Production three companies - 4.7 million cubic meters (30% of production 1963). The company's percentage is not indicated by the author.
• It compares a company, YPF, against three foreign, different periods 1957-YPF - and 1963 - foreign - should be considered a year and disaggregated undertakings. In an egalitarian calculation could allot to each private company, separately, produced 10% of YPF which occurred six years earlier (1957 vs. 1963).
• It indicates that private companies working on the 9% of the reserves located, but does not say what percentage of these stocks worked YPF.
• Since foreign companies involved in oil activities in the country at an early stage the logical comparison should be given the previous performance of the private sector, ie the 4.7 million cubic meters of private production in 1963 should be connected to the private pre-production. So the comparison with YPF and at an earlier time does not seem the best option.
• indicates that no company had been responsible for horizon scanning to determine the oil at that time, "private companies had access to such information free of charge if he had done YPF?}

... imported oil in 1976 cost U.S. $ 100-... cubic meter, while foreign companies ... whose contracts with the government of Frondizi were reestablished after the government annulled by Illia, deliver the product to YPF ... u $ s10-cubic meter ...

{

Illia's government and private compensation to what happened to the compensation contracts to be restored?}

the "delivery"

As soon ... is ... (knew) the message of 24 July ... (with) the first talks with private companies, criticism erupted ... Balbin ... UCRP National Committee ... "The contracts are irredeemably null, not binding on the country and will be unknown in all circumstances under the UCRP." (08/26/1958)

... (also added) ... the 'Association Democratic Argentina "... criticized the contracts ..." secretly signed "... (in the same sense) the 'Center for Energy Studies General Mosconi' ... (and added) Alfredo Palacio, ... Sanchez Viamonte, River ... ... Perette and Silenzi of Stagni Someone suggested ... ... impeach the president ... (And) ... I KNEW (YPF workers) defend the state monopoly ... (also) the Socialist Party ... the Progressive Democrats and the Communist Party. The same associations of university students are professionals ... (YPF declare that the state-owned ... (can) ... achieve self-sufficiency, and object to the contracts.

two great acts are made ... (called) by the Movement Defense of Oil, and ... the UCRP ... (shouting) ... "YPF if Standard no" ... legislators ... centrist parties (several provinces) object ... (and) harmful to federalism, thesis shared by some provincial lawmakers.

... (in support of the government) ... ... The Christian Democratic Party and conservative leaders as in Lima ... ... Brazil and Uruguay praised the courage of Frondizi ... Alzogaray (also supports it but was overruled by his party) the Independent Civic ... ... ...

... more criticism than praise ...

shy ...

... some military contracts are aligned against ... (including) ... the commander in chief, General Toranzo Montero ...

UCRI

IN DOUBT.

"Not all opponents of the government's policy was an instrument of pressure from international monopolies" ...

{in the book she is quoting page 232}

sincerely concerned

... about the impact ... and fellow legislators ... (official) bombarded with questions and doubts ...

Frondizi

... a director of Industrial Bank chose to resign ... (a) vote ... guarantees that the bank should provide contracts as collateral ...

{Note the grantor guarantees and assurances given to the dealer}

"The harsh reaction to contracts ... ... encouraged by professionals, officials of YPF, the Mendoza Branch of SUPE, whose leadership was Communist influence ...

{page 234}

... said ... (30/10/1958) ...

arrest
{

another major strike was the bank - why cause ? - The strikers were 'mobilized' and taken to military installations, would they be Communists?}

COMMISSION INVESTIGATING

... 1964, the House of Representatives ... passed a bill in the bed of the UCRI ... (that) ... created an investigatory commission determine ... (the truth of) ... the accusations of irregularities and fraud in the oil contracts signed ... ... (by) Frondizi.

...

Frondizi, Frigerio and Sabato said ... the first refused to submit to questioning, arguing that Frigerio and Sabato would relate to the details ...

... ... (there were) a number of opinions ... The most ... (UCRP.) and others, found evidence of irregularities and advised ... (to intervene) to the ordinary courts. The minority ... (UCRI.) upheld the legality and desirability of contracts. There were three individual opinions ... (opinions) and the minutes of the Committee were referred to court ... the case was dismissed by prescription.

DISCLAIMER THE VICE GÓMEZ

... ... ... Gomez ... revealed (12/11/1958) the Acting Minister of Interior and Defense, Alfredo Vitolo, who had a plot ... (military) to overthrow the president ... Frondizi ... (location) Gomez to reveal the source of your information ... in front of the secretaries ... (and) secretaries ... (military) of the three weapons ... (Gomez) refused ... the ruling party (UCRI.) ... drove ... Gomez ... (and) agreed to resign, but not before negotiating a letter of Frondizi in which exempted him from guilt ... ...

SOURCE

Isidro J. Oden

Ediciones La Bastille

Buenos Aires, 1977

Poems To Ask For Money For Honeymoon

THE ARMY AND POLITICS - DE PERON

THE ARMY AND POLITICS IN THE ARGENTINA

1945-1962 - DE PERON Frondizi

... ... The Five-Year Plan, launched ... two years before had gone down ... only a substantial infusion of dollars would revive the plan ... ... In 1948 Peron and his advisers hoped ... external conditions over which they had no control: the possibility ... (of) a war, or ... of Marshall Plan funds to ensure the purchase of Argentine agricultural products ... ... None of these prospects to materialize. An alternative solution ... ... (were) ... foreign capital ... but ... Perón had committed little to reduce foreign investment and to change course suddenly. Early in his presidency, Peron had not excluded ... (the) ability to associate a decree foreign capital ... ... (prior to his inauguration) ... had created an instrument ... the 'Mixed Economy Company' ... (with) private capital and even ... (with) foreign investors to promote public interest companies. The president (company) ... and at least one third ... (of) ... board would be appointed by the state and should be Argentine natives ...

... ... (in) ... ... the first eighteen months of his presidency ... Peron was ... inclined to activate the entry of foreign capital ... support ... the reorganization of the railroads included in the Miranda-Eady acue3rdo ... and discussed proposals for attracting private investment ... (U.S.) to the development of the oil industry.

YPF

... the hostile reaction caused by ... (the issue) ... railway ... late 1946 ... Perón began to think ... ... proposed entry of foreign capital in an area such as oil ... ... military experts ... (and) civil guaranteed the energy section of the Plan ... (saw) that the country was ... (of) fuel ... necessary to meet the demands long-term ... ... gave priority to developing ... energy sources renewable ... Perón accepted this point of view ... But weeks after analyzing other solution ... fuel requirements in secret talks with the ambassador of ... (USA), ... ... Metzger Messersmith and ... ('Standard') ... Argentina was increasingly dependent on oil imports ... ...

... remained to solve the problem of domestic opposition ... If it was true that Peron was trying to create a joint venture with capital ... (U.S.) must believe that he could contain the backlash against ... identifying it with the opposition party Radical, ... the most forceful advocate of YPF, and appealing in terms supporters to their own supporters.

... In a top secret clearance, Messersmith said ... (on) ... (these talks) ... "Peron ... had come to the conclusion that it was necessary to give any kind of encouragement to foreign oil companies to spread here asked if their programs ... ... ... companies would be interested in a joint enterprise ... ... "

Perón received

... ... ... to discuss Metzger a memorandum prepared by his company two years ago ... the 'Standard' ... expressed interest and form a joint venture and ... conditions for a possible settlement ... ... the creation of a society ... (with) ... exclusivity of ten years for seeking of oil in the area south of parallel 49 º South latitude.

The 'Standard' would provide all working capital through a loan without interest. The government would receive 12% royalties for all oil discovered and 51% of any investment gains after the original loan 'd been repaid. General management ... should be appointed by the five private members (of) directory. The government would appoint the chairman and two directors, ... the ... (chairman) would be entitled to veto ... (art. 8 º) ... (in the meeting) ... ... Metzger Peron and attended by the president of YPF, Albariño general, and the Director General Energy Colonel Barefoot ... ... (the) ... 'Standard' ... (estimated) that the provision of veto ... (art. 8 º) was disturbing and investment to ... ... (u $ s 25/30 million) was the revision ... of this article ... delete article not involve a mixed company ... in a joint venture, but a poorly disguised concession to the 'Standard' ... (and should) ask the Congress to water down a statute already considered inadequate ... but ... ... they were confidential negotiations, already voices raised against it in Congress ... (the) block UCR ... requested the Executive ... the rejection of any proposal for the formation of joint ventures, ... also requested an investigation of all problems ... and activities of international companies ... asked to convene a special session of Congress to consider the expropriation private companies and the nationalization of the industry.

... ... Perón reassured Ambassador Messersmith ... there was no hope that YPF would satisfy the country needs ... that its operations had been unsatisfactory for many years and that the best solution ... (was) to reach an agreement ... (with) ... preferably foreign companies (USA) ... (the possibilities) were limited. Foreign companies demanded guarantees ... ... (and protection) any new investment. In September ... (1947, Peron was declared) ... convinced inability to pass ... (the) law ... ...

Peron ... ... found resistance within his own government had strong defenders ... YPF ... (in) ... the case: the ... Secretary of Industry and Commerce, Joseph C. Barro, Minister of Finance, Cereijo; ... Secretary of Aeronautics, the Hill ..., July Conessa ... YPF tentatively in front of ... all ... began a campaign to end ... with the threats to the autonomy of YPF. The first step was a notice to all private companies ... (09/30/1947) ... (on that) ... the agreement ... (to) ... distribution of oil ... in the local market would terminate at the end of six months notice required.

Secretary Clay ... (gave) a categorical statement to private companies ... ... in the sense that ... (the) ... oil in the future would be the monopoly of government and ... if need be, private property would be expropriated ... (the problem) was to ensure that the president supports that view.

Expropriation ... was tested in two rough cabinet meetings ... the first ... (4/12/1947), the Secretary Barro, Minister Cereijo and secretary of the Hill ... for expropriation ... (opposed) ... President Bramuglia, Miranda and ... Maroglio ... Central Bank President. The rest of the cabinet ... (though prone to expropriation) abstained ... the advocates of the monopoly YPF ... (started a move) to ensure that companies voluntarily put invents.

local holders of the 'Standard' ..., 'overseas' and 'Shell' were summoned to the office of Miranda ... ... (05/12/1947) at that meeting ... ... Conessa Barro and explained that the government I wanted to announce the ... December 13, the 'Day of Oil' to ... Argentina had recovered all of its oil properties. It asks private companies to reply before 9 December if they were willing to sell its producing wells in exchange for a distribution agreement and refinancing with "generous profits," guaranteed ... (before consulting companies on) ... if a negative ... would mean the expropriation, officials said ... ... no ... (were) able to give an answer.

{

seems difficult to do something like this back Perón and also a naive move

}

embassy ... ... (USA) ... asked ... (before) ... Chancellor Bramuglia ... (about) whether the president approved the plan ... and to protest ... (for el) little time ... (to respond). The British ambassador ... adopted the same attitude. Bramuglia said ... (the) president ... was not aware of the requirements ... and ... the president had no intention to expropriate oil or any other property ... (U.S.).

One day after ... (time) awarded ... 'Standard' ... (and) 'Shell' rejected the request.

... (a new) ... Cabinet meeting ... members ... ... nationalists exerted strong pressure on Perón to buy or expropriate foreign-owned wells ... (and) a program of nationalization of all oil resources ... Argentine War Minister spoke with power and in opposition ... warned that any threat of expropriation or forced sale would be detrimental to the country ... (Peron) ... citing the refusal of the companies ... and the bitter protests ... (Of) embassies ... made the final decision.

... ... (about) ... oil Peron was much more pragmatic than his public rhetoric about the economic dependence

... ... ...

The army's role in the controversy raised by the ... ... oil was ... (of) ... relative passivity.

... ... Conversely Secretary of Aeronautics, determined to give a monopoly on oil production to YPF.

...

to these political-military tensions compounded the problem of complete the task of the Constitutional Assembly ... had begun the work of revising the Constitution ... ...

... the amended Constitution incorporating two chapters, ... on the rights of workers, families, elderly and education ... ... and ... on he rights of ownership and economic activity ... reflected the statist and nationalist fervor of the authors assigned to the state direct control of foreign trade, the permanent ownership of all sites, subsoil and natural sources of energy, including oil reservoirs, and the original and inalienable ownership of utilities. Such companies, usually in private hands would be acquired by the State ... (by) purchase or expropriation ... ... at a price to be deducted from the original investment cost of both the amortization and any gain is considered excessive ... ...

The satisfaction ... (Peron) ... before the reform was, ... reservations ... Peron was co-conforming to the formula determined the compensation to utilities ... (of) ... Art. 40 (threatening) ... to eliminate difference between expropriation and confiscation ...

{author

is abroad}

... raised protests from the international community. The paragraph had been inserted at the last minute ... and despite the objections ... (de) Peron ...

...

Unable (or unwilling to) ... provide clear support for unpopular companies ... (foreign) ... like conspicuous' Compañía Argentina de Electricidad "(CADE), Perón ... ... (said) to the governments of Belgium, Sweden, Holland and ... (USA) that while he was in power would never make use of the controversial constitutional clause.

{or was an excuse either - and yet - was healing health ...}

In an attempt to eliminate the concern caused by Art. 40, ... Perón encouraged an executive ... Sosthenes Behn ... (of) ... the "International Telephone and Telegraph Company '(ITT) to propose a legislative interpretation could submit to the Congress ... ... ... this attempt ended in failure.

... ... ... Second Five-Year Plan incorporated the concept of ... (bring) ... private capital, both internal and external ... the State would "The right conditions and opportunities favorable" ... enabling a change of direction away from the economic nationalism of recent years ... in 1953 ... Perón asked Congress to enact a new law on foreign investments and began to speak openly in favor of ... ... foreign investment in the sacred field of oil production.

... ... the decision of Peron and his economic advisers to attract foreign capital for the development of basic industries ... (this is implied) the need to strengthen relationships with ... (USA) ... at ... (07/1953) Milton Eisenhower ... was received with great cordiality by Peron ... ... (and considered) ... the problems and prospects that investors find ... (the) ... a new draft investment law submitted ... the ... (07/14/1953) ... the law guaranteed ... investors to transfer profits from 8% (eight) per annum, and after ten years ... the withdrawal of their investments and a series of assessments ... the law gave broad discretionary authority of Parliament ... to enter into agreements with potential investors.

... Of particular interest were their projections on the oil industry ... ... questioned radicals ... that the project ... (left) the principles ... (of) ... ... defenders ... Art. 40 (lawmakers) voted overwhelmingly ... ... in ... terms requested by the government.

... ... was very significant in military circles believe ... ... (the) state of the oil industry. ... An article in the 'Journal of Information' (... from the War College), May / June 1953 ... noted that between 1946 and 1950 the volume of production ... ... oil ... public and private sectors had risen a 40% "in accordance with all ... ... (the) First Five Year Plan", when in fact the total domestic production had increased only by 13% ... and expressed confidence ... "is not far distant day when the oil industry ... free us from foreign supplies," ... did not take into account the technical and financial obstacles that goal ... to ... ... (this) ... made even more difficult to justify the need for foreign capital inflows to the oil industry ....

{note that coincided with Peron Army Aviation while opposed}

... ... late 1953 Perón sought to advocate for this cause ... (by) the growing gap between production and domestic consumption and sale of foreign currency huge ... that may be reserved for other development needs through rapid increased production ... (and) ... that would work for foreign companies ... ... YPF.

...

The dilemma ... (de) Peron ... was ... as meet the expectations ... (of) his earlier nationalist rhetoric ... and ... provide the conditions and guarantees which attract ... (the) ... ... foreign companies. The initial strategy for the study ... ... of the investment law, was to ... agreements with independent operators rather than with major international companies ... in the assumption that the independent companies ... not press for concessions and would be willing to work for YPF through service contracts that the government could justify to the public ... at a time ... seemed about to sign with the 'Floyd Odlum. " But until ... (10/1954), more than a year after the enactment of the investment law was not ... remember ... with any company ...

... ...

The government had decided to rapid economic development ... ... (03/1955) established in accordance with an oil company ...

... ... ... Peron, announced it had reached an agreement ... ... The contract signed by OJ Haynes 'Standard' ... and Industry Minister Orlando Santos, approved by Peron on ... (05/06/1955) and submitted to Congress ...

The contract attached to the company ... ... the exclusive right to explore, extract and exploit oil in an area of \u200b\u200b... 50,000-square miles south of Patagonia. Petroleum and other oil ... should be given to ... YPF, up ... (cover) ... domestic demand ... from ... (this coverage) ... be permitted exports. For oil ... ... Argentine pesos YPF would pay 15% less than ... (fixed price) by the 'East Texas' ... turn YPF would receive 50% of the profits ... (for) 40 years of the contract. Criticism raged ... ... (from all sectors) ... ...

... the government did not consider necessary reform Art. 40 ... (thought) that the agreement ... was a contract for services that did not involve the transfer of ownership of oil ... (government military officials) visited ... (a) ... ... to transmit Morales Gómez reactions military circles. Gomez Morales ... (offered in one) ... Conference ... (and explanations) ... officers ... but it ... (also) ... it was agreed that certain measures should be modified.

... the contract ... was ... the Congress ... (keeping) these ... measures ... when became clear that even the Peronist ... (in) Congress were not too willing to approve ... (Peron) authorized the economic team ... ... (a) listen to recommendations for changes, ... (is) wrote a series of amendments ... (and) ... reopened negotiations did little to appease the discontent ... the armed forces.

...

{WITH Libertad y Desarrollo

} {

after Peron's fall theme continues with almost the same players, but they begin to vary in their positions}

... Wing 'frondicista ' of ... (the UCR.) ... was represented at the National Advisory Board, even after the June 1956 execution, ... (the 'frondicismo') began to ... (be) a strong critic of the ... 'Liberator' ...

alliance

... ... between ... Frondizi and economist, journalist and businessman Rogelio Frigerio ... (who) as director of the weekly ... "WHAT" ... (with) contributions ... ... Peron's supporters mounted a systematic attack on ... ... government for its record against the Peronist economic measures ... (Against) the industry and plans to sell the domain Argentina on natural sources of energy ... ...

Frondizi In such circumstances ... ... (presented) as an opponent ... (of) ... the ... 'Liberator' ... announced its intention to grant a character 'national popular' the economy ... ...

Figure Frigerio key ... was ... ... (with) ... an economic and social 'Development' transformation ... to ... ... through the expansion ... industry and the weakening of interest ... agricultural and import ... ...

{PACT}

Whatever the terms of the covenant ... Frigerio Perón negotiated Frondizi ... ... ... offered an overwhelming victory in elections ... (23/02/1958 ) ... ... The UCRI managed 133 seats of the 187 deputies in ... ... the government in all provinces and ... all the seats in the Senate ... that would have occurred in the absence of the covenant only conjecture ... ... ...

The inaugural speech ... (of) ... ... Frondizi out the main objectives of his government and ... specifying the measures by which he hoped to put the country on the path of national development ... ... ... main interest in the economy ... the need to develop heavy industries and achieve self-sufficiency in oil: Frondizi ANNOUNCES INTENTION TAKE RESPONSIBILITY FOR DIRECT YPF ... also said that foreign capital would be needed to accelerate economic growth ... ...

frondicistas Among many ... especially of nationalist or socialist, began to spread a feeling of disappointment as the new government revealed details of its policies Frondizi had mentioned economic ... ... the need to attract foreign capital to accelerate industrial development, had carefully avoided giving details of his plan. Many ... were ... (believe) ... that ... (Frondizi) would be loyal to the UCR program Avellaneda, who never would make concessions to international companies have exploited the energy market ... in the past and especially in the oil sector continue being the champion ... (of) a total state monopoly on production, oil refining distribution.

... as president, Frondizi had no intention of adhering to positions that could delay the rapid expansion of energy production ... (shared) ... the focus 'realistic' Frigerio ... ... (the) role of foreign capital in a developing society: was the purpose investment and not the source of capital, which determined the strengthening or weakening of the economic independence of a country ...

{reasoning correct principle, but in light of experience, we see that 'purpose ',' source '- and added -' agreed terms' investment SI make economic independence and a real development with lasting effects of the host / recipient}

... Investment in heavy industry, steel, oil, electricity, petrochemical and pulp were necessary. Given the depleted state treasury, the target ... was the rapid expansion of oil production. With experience and foreign capital the country would be ... (making) the self-sufficiency in a few years ... enabling the use of U.S. $ 300 million per year ... ... in other sectors of the economy ...

... Frondizi ... to ... (reach) ... ... preliminary agreements with investors, he hid his intentions ... His promise ... to consult with stakeholders before adopting specific economic measures and his commitment not to use economic power of the state arbitrarily were sidelined in the attempt to negotiate favorable contracts with foreign companies and ... present to the public as a fait accompli.

... Only 24 of July, in a televised ... Frondizi exhibited her oil program.

... this program ... (consisted of) ... a number of drilling contracts awarded directly (to avoid delays competitive bidding) to private ... ... (to which) ... is assigned to areas where YPF ... ... ... oil was located, other companies had to take ... (the) exploration ... in all cases should be given to oil ... YPF prices stipulated in the contracts .... Government spokesmen described these agreements as service contracts, denied that concessions were ... (and claimed) ... that did not involve any sacrifice of sovereignty ... (for) ... avoid ... (adverse circumstances) ... progress toward self-sufficiency Frondizi REFUSED TO RAISE TO CONGRESS CONTRACTS ... insisting that he already had legal powers to act ...

{remember that it had comfortable majorities in the Congress government, it could also happen that such majorities were unattainable in this topic ...}

was not just in the oil sector where Frondizi proposed ... (show) ... foreign investors ... clear evidence of a favorable climate ... was eager to reach an agreement with companies expropriated foreign ... in the past ... whose compensation or agreements were ... (still) pending ... 'ANSEC' and ... 'CADE' ... the previous governments had hesitated to act ... three days after the election asked the Minister of Industry that meets the demands of ... 'ANSEC' whatever the price ... when the minister asked if he would sign a document authorizing the agreement ... (Frondizi) categorically refused ... ... ... Aramburu left the task to his successor ... Frondizi ... in September rose to an agreement with Congress 'CADE' to train with their teams a joint venture power provider in Buenos Aires ... ... (with) 'ANSEC' ... resolved ... an agreement ... (with) ... owners (U.S.) reinvested ... part ... (of compensation) ... in a plant of 300,000 kilowatts in Buenos ... Aires.

{

few years after Martinez de Hoz, who would intervene}

... ... (a) within six months of his presidency ... (Frondizi took one) ... ... drastic measures (11/11/1958) ... statement ... the state of siege ... (by) ... 30 days around the country ... was ... (by) ... ... challenged the workers of YPF in Mendoza ... (by not lifting a) strike ... (stated) since its illegal ... ... objective was ... (the un) recently signed contracts with two companies ... (USA) to produce oil in areas where YPF had proved the existence of reserves.

... ... on ... (11/10/1958) ... the '62 Organizations' ... (Peronist) ... supported the strike ... (while) the conduct of the 'Supe' proposed lifting the strike if the government ... ( listened to) the objections ... and ... not to retaliate against the strikers ... Frondizi ... ... refused and declared a state of siege. In the early hours of ... (11/11/1958) ... the police had beaten in the federal capital and provinces ... ... arrested hundreds of people ... ...

cause for concern ... was the barely disguised violation of ... (the Constitution) ... Claiming that the Congress was in recess, ... (used) ... a decree to declare (the state of siege) instead of requesting authorization ... (to Congress) ... as stipulated in the Constitution. In fact, Congress was in session, but not met in the early hours of ... (11/11/1958) ... President sought to obtain approval after the fact, and obtained the same day in both houses, dominated by the UCRI.

The government justified these measures ... ... to ... threats of anarchy and subversion ... Interior Minister Alfredo Vitolo ... could not provide concrete evidence of an imminent threat ... all ... like a ... (conspiracy) ... was the puzzling behavior ... (of) ... vice president, Alejandro Gomez ... ... (which) had been in disgust ... ... Frigerio influence on the president and disapproved of the policies ... (of) Frondizi ... (About) ... the power contracts, the University and ... oil. In conversations with the president ... and meetings ... he had not hidden their displeasure and the possibility of resigning ... ... had warned the president that if he admitted to make the contracts ... ... (to) ... Congress, he, Gomez, resign.

... ... ... began to spread rumors that he had discovered a plot to impersonate Frondizi Gomez in a coalition government ... the ... (18/11/1958) ... the vice president raised his resignation to Congress.

... ... The attacks ... Gomez, appear to have been orchestrated by Frondizi or at least ... with s approval and consent.

... ... ... Yes ... Gomez had given up ... (immediately, 11/10/1958) to protest the management of oil contracts would no doubt ... ... (split) ... weakened the party and government support Congress ... if it was possible to pass the vice president as a traitor ... Frondizi could eliminate the position with minimal risk to party unity.

Frondizi

... ... got rid of an employee who was becoming risk in ... as the months passed and each time the government belied its platform ... ...

The genuine purpose of the siege ... ... would be revealed ... When ... (to) 30 days set in the original enactment ... replaced by an indefinite extension - term that lasted until ... ... ... Frondizi's dismissal - it became apparent ... the desire to avoid future resistance to unpopular economic measures.

... ... (Frondizi) ... announced ... the ... (12/29/1958) ... that the government initiated a program stabilization required fundamental changes in ... (the economy) in force and affect all sectors of society ...

The stabilization program was in fact the price charged to Argentina by the ... (IMF ) and the Treasury ... (USA) ... (by) the financial support necessary to resolve the crisis in the balance of payments.

... ... The reward was a financial package from the IMF. and official and private banks to ... (USA) ... (by) ... U.S. $ S329 million ... ...

As has been common in Latin America remedies prescribed by the IMF. produced a bitter reaction among the working class and low income sectors.

... also announced government's intention to get rid of unprofitable companies that had been acquired at the time of Peron. For those working in these companies and for many Argentines, those companies accounted for part of the national heritage should be preserved and not turned over to private hands, whatever the deficits that occur ...

SOURCE Robert

A. Potash

1981 Editorial Sudamericana, Buenos

Aires

Hawaiian Delight Nature Goodness

Frondizi NEW ARGENTINA - 1946/1955. VOLUME II

ARGENTINA NEW 1946-1955 Volume II

ENERGY

In January 1946 had structured the National Energy Authority, comprising four agencies: the State Gas, Solid Fuels and Mineral, State Power Plants, Plants and Derived Fuels ... Added ... (YPF.) ...

The body was under the leadership of Colonel Bartolome Barefoot ... (in 1947), Power Plant would join the Irrigation Department to form a new company autarkic: Water Energy.

In place of the National organization was created National Energy Company. Distributions were maintained as above, but by changing the internal administrative structure without changing its autarky.

... ... Article 40 of the revised Constitution established the domain of the Nation on oil and other energy sources, but they were not expressly prohibited concessions, and secured the complete state monopoly of oil exploration.

Minister José C. Barro presented to Congress in 1949, an energy plan, whose objectives were to: self-sufficiency through the orderly use of all resources, replacement of perishable sources for which they are not, use of hydropower potential, production and rational intensive Liquid solid fuels; rationalization of consumption, state domination of the energy field.

In 1952 began channeling political indefinable ... by creating a national mining authorities (Decree No. 5598). Started operating in Rio Turbio coal mine. At that time, the British were importing coal for the railroads stone ... for you the war years, YPF. worried about the farm ... (of) ... ... oilfield discovered in 1887 (national surveys dating back to 1921) ... A special department was created in YPF. (1943) for ... ... (exploration) and its operation began in 1947 under the aegis of Solid Fuels and Minerals. Homes and factories were built, ... took machinery. Chile provided an outlet to the sea in Puerto Natales. But our government decided to build a way ... (railway) to Puerto Deseado.

not only decreased the import of coal ... to railways, but also for the production of gas, ... began using natural gas from oil wells that came from Comodoro Rivadavia ... (by) ... new pipeline. Manual work ... (in) ... these sites was replaced by machines ...

Prior to Peron, the Argentine government had taken over the facilities ... (of) ... the 'Primitive Gas Company' (05.03. 1945) that ... (did) ... to depend ... (of) Gas Service Federal Capital YPF dependent ... later became the National Directorate of Gas del Estado (January 1946) ... (is) ... ... proposed building a gas pipeline between Buenos Aires and Comodoro Rivadavia ... (planned) ... the work in six months ... (was built) in less than three years (21/02/1947 to 12/29/1949) ... (cost) ... u $ s 50 billion, and at that time was her pipeline longest in the world.

...

Among the works scheduled for the First Five Year Plan ... construction of the pipeline included the Dry Canyon-Buenos Aires ... that paralyzed imports of coal gas.

The Central Bank and U.S. oil interests

"According to ... Silenzi of Stagni, just assumed ... Perón established contacts with international oil ombudsmen. The negotiations do not ... (progressed) ... for foreign policy reasons and because of the lack of trust in government by ... the 'Standard Oil' ... spread the rumor that they planned to form a joint venture ... (YPF. - 'Standard Oil') ... (is) ... the Commission was ... Pro Monument to General Mosconi, whose main purpose was to defend the traditional oil policy Argentina ... "

{

would be good to clarify that the author meant by" traditional Argentina's oil policy "and that 1946 only had two records: the period 1916/1930 and the other precedes it and the case, both totally opposite ...}

... "(another) ... attempt had taken place ... (where) ... ... visit the Texas oilman Glen Mc Carty, who is intended to award all the extension of national territory. YPF's engineers. opposed his objections to this initiative. The government used to justify these projects on the grounds that ... (USA) ... (refused) to provide machinery and elements to YPF., the only solution was the delivery of our fields to foreign companies "

" According to the findings of Commission of Inquiry formed after the fall of Perón, ... chaired by Major Noailles, in mid-1949 ... Peron was in talks with oil companies ... (USA) ... "

{the author explores in a sale of $ s 100 million gold coinage, which certainly existed, it is debatable what is the assessment?. I am part of a generation of Argentines who grew up knowing of a man whose name was "the fugitive tyrant," meaning that our childhood, we live in contradiction. The Commission of Inquiry to mention the author head shot count suits and dresses and Perón and Evita pairs of shoes. Surely the sale of coins there, as no doubt also existed: the inconvertible pound and its economic / financial for our country. There was also no doubt Ambassador Braden, who was not an isolated man, but he held a dual representation: the 'Standard Oil' and policies taken by the Department of State - ie the U.S. - which has been storied including by Juan Carlos Escude. Also the author - Santos Martinez - use the Prebisch report on Argentina's economy in December 1955, but ignores the work of Jauretche: "The Plan Presbisch, Return to the colonial period, if only to refute it.

In my opinion for a better assessment would be more fair and just based on the terms of the contracts 'California'. Like Peron because he is considered (by some) the initiator of the "Third Position", compare the terms agreed with the 'California' in connection with the agreement of 1930 signed with Russia Yrigoyen (Yuyantorg) that the provision of fuel meant that the country needed to $ 0.11 cents. liter when the price of gasoline in the country, was $ 0.29, after the price war with foreign companies operating in the country.}

...

OIL POLICY (Peronist)

In 1946 Peron ... ... ... oil policy was not specific. The subject was not included in the First Five Year Plan proposed the nationalization ... No ... but a policy of joint ventures. Companies ... submitted proposals ... (even) ... demands and pressures for increased ... ... prices, limitation of tax reserves, predominantly in the import, etc. The government ... believed in the rapid replacement of oil ... atomic energy.

In December 1947, agreements were reported in 1937 ...

YPF

... ... was losing individuality ... (mostly) since 1950, with the creation of 'National Energy Company "(ENDE .)

... Decreasing YPF performance ...., Their perforations were insufficient ... That's how agreements were approved with ... companies ('Drillexco'). However, technical ... YPF. discovered new areas in 1950 ... (there is) ... a surge in production, prosecutors widened refineries, purchased or built another, as 'Overseas SA', 'Petrochemicals' ...

The fiscal tanker fleet ... (grew) ... until 1952 ... (there were shortcomings in) ... oil, cars, trucks, tanks ... Began replacement and refurbishment of YPF ... (despite having) ... with resources ... The main supplier financial ... ... (USA) ... established a licensing regime priority in which Argentina was in last place in both the list and on the supply ... (USA) ... is ... (transforms ) as the arbiter of Argentine oil development.

...

This situation facilitated the offense international oil monopolies ... (by) ... the limitation of tax reserves ...

NO COUNTRY CAN GROW WITHOUT OIL

Presbisch

... acknowledged that the pipeline 'President Peron ' in five years ... had saved "the consumption of 700,000 tons of coal and 400,000 tons of diesel oil" ... ... Perón: "Argentina's oil policy must be based on absolute conservation ... sovereignty ... Artina on our ground and rational and scientific and ... (the) ... State ... not share functions with other interests "(13/12/1947).

The 1949 Constitution established that ... the oil fields belonged to the Nation (Art. 40) ... ... Sampay: the constitutional ... "and creates a monopoly nationalized state of our oil ... "

... (Peron) ..." we do not need capital "(06/17/1948) ... (years later) ... Gomez Morales ...: needed u $ s 100 million to steel and ... 200 million for oil (December 1953).

...

Trusts to gains in Argentina ... The deficit surpassed 50% fuel ... the government should negotiate with international companies and impose ... subsidiary measures. Introduced a subsidy on imported oil and a ... (incipient) ... ration consumption ... Iran offered to supply low-priced, but Argentina ... with its own fleet, no ... accepted.

Given the energy crisis ... and the government opened negotiations with ... (USA) ... (with) ... ... mission led by Minister Cereijo the Second Five Year Plan ... ... (and) ... the 1422 Act foreign investment showed the intention to create favorable conditions for foreign capital ... ...

NEGOTIATIONS WITH FOREIGN COMPANIES

... message ... Congress ... (05/01/1954) Perón stressed the gravity of the energy problem ... oil was the most useful source of energy and its deficit had been "a constant negative factor in the negotiation of our flesh ... Great Britain ... we only sell oil according to its own need for meat ... (of) every $ s 4, - ... in imports one must dedicate to the purchase of fuel. " Argentina uses half the value of their exports to buy iron, machinery and "fuels that has 'reserved' by reason of a false 'nationalism' that did not quite understand" ...

Since September 1953 ... (succeed visits from the U.S.) ... Milton Eisenhower ... the oil expert John B. O'Connor ... (VP 'Desser Industries') ... (in) ... six months ... (walked) ... Argentine oil fields ... also ... Folyd Odlum, the' High Corporation '(representing the Morgan-Rockefeller' Caribe United Fruit Co. ') both incorporated ... (June 1954) ... THE' Petroargentina Inc. '. Signed a contract with the government of ... (25) years ... (for) ... form a subsidiary in the country of 'Atlas' working capital which would be blocked ...

pesos

{blocked pesos "in June 1954?, must see that the author is talking

}

... it was agreed a works contract and services for oil drilling ... work for YPF.

... In those days ... 'Standard Oil' ... presented ... another project to the government ...

... 1954 was approved the formation of the company "Schlumberger of Latin America." Talks were also made with 'Builders Consultants and Panama SA', 'Madlener' ...

(11.1954) ... Jorge Antonio in New York signed an agreement with 'Odlum' for the construction of a joint venture (Argentine-American) ... (for ) ... the exploitation of oil and uranium ... ... export and import operations ... the shares are divided equally ... This company in turn would train other companies ... Jorge Antonio acting by command of Perón.

{What the author implies when he says that "Jorge Antonio acted mandated by Peron?}

... These negotiations were also big oil, 'Standard Oil' ..., 'Royal Dutch-Shell' ... requiring large areas where they had recognized the existence of oil ...

...

All projects are presented under the new law ... (of) ... ... foreign investment - No. 14122 - ... (that) ... allowed out dividends abroad.

The 'Petroargentina' demanded that there were limits to such transfers or pre-determination of the exchange rate.

Perón had declared he was not interested who extracted the oil, "we're going to consume" ...

{

have said it shows little knowledge of the subject or something else}

... the country imported 50% ... Fuel ... (10/01/1954).

... ... Perón expressed a delirious optimism. Six months before his downfall told lawmakers (03/29/1955): "We found the solution ... (90%) of the problems ... country. Two weeks ago ... (have decided) ... three fundamental problems of oil exploitation ... ... ... electricity and steel. " It was the announcement of the agreement to be signed next month with the 'California Argentina. "

Meanwhile, Congress was done ... the National Productivity Social Welfare ... (21/31.03.1955, the result was) ... National Productivity Agreement ... (that) ... lay not put into practice ...

AGREEMENT WITH THE 'CALIFORNIA ARGENTINA'

... (07/1953) ... ... Milton Eisenhower visited Argentina, negotiations to allow entry to the country of the 'California' ... all negotiations ... of (1954 / 5) ... only took place on pre-contract with the 'California Argentina de Petroleo SA ', a subsidiary of the' Standard Oil '... Among the dr. Orlando Santos ... (Minister of Industry) ... and Owen James Haynes ... commitment was signed ... (04/25/1955) ...

PE rose to Congress (5/6/1955) the precursor Argentina ... The company was in name only ... had incorporated in Delaware ... ... with American capital of the 'Standard Oil' ... with the participation of the Argentine State ... (as a partner). The company would take his letters and accounts in English and ... (the) ... ... salaries (in dollars would be charged ... ... you gave:

• The administration, management and sole and exclusive control over the mode and method operations ... the kind of machinery design and ... (same) ... privileges ... ... regarding the number, selection, placement, promotion, dismissal, remuneration, etc., staff ... no law governed Argentina for the personal social ... although ... (acting) on \u200b\u200bour soil. Area
• granted, operating and investment: The area ... in the province of Santa Cruz, ... (with) ... an area of \u200b\u200b49,800 square kilometers (arts.3 and 5) ... (granted) ... extended for forty years ... at the discretion of the company for five years (Articles 4, 8, 27 and 63). The company had the sole and exclusive right to drill, operate, prospect, process, extract and exploit oil (Art. 5). The grant was known in the wider world.

... the current oil law (No. 12161) allowed maximum of ten grants permits searches of 6,000 hectares each ... (total) 60,000 hectares. The pre-agreement granted 4,980,000 acres. The Mining Code established that the term ... would be three years with two one year extensions ... ... ... as long as it had done serious work drilling (Arts. 381 / 385). The pre-agreement ... (attached) ... a word ... (very) ... than the maximum permitted by law.

• Company was required to achieve a daily output of about two hundred barrels .... The Argentine State ... receive 50% of net profits ... {would be interesting to know how he plays the term "net" in determining earnings
  } ...
• The company is obliged to invest $ s 4 .- million exploration ... (in) ... the first two years ... five million ... (in) the third and four ... in the room (Art.20) ..., it is agreed that any measurement of crude oil, gasoline and natural gas would be subject to publication English of the 'American Petroleum Institute' or ... 'California Natural Gasoline Association' ... finally assured her occupation "still and quiet" of the area granted, and the places and goods that are needed out of it (Art. 9).
• Infrastructure and construction ... I was authorized to build and maintain power within and outside the area granted, various buildings and facilities, airports, airfields, wireless telegraphs and telephones, jetties and roads, etc ... It did not have to making such works available to others ... if necessary, could not be used by our aviation airports, Piers, jetties by the Navy, ... (telegraph and telephone) ... for Communications, and the ways the Army. On the other hand could organize and maintain a police and army under the flag of the company.

may ... grant, meant to grant a permanent operating base of nearly 50,000-kms. square with its own economic life ... for the exclusive use of the company ... if the country ... (source) ... the company ... (USA) entered into an armed conflict or is insufficient the Panama Canal ... The proximity to the Antarctica required particular attention.

• YPF. and 'California': the ore extracted by the company ... would be sold to YPF. in dollars. Its price is determined by the East Texas oilfield least 5% (Art.42) ... The company is only obliged to deliver the products to YPF. river or sea port (the freight to the destination by YPF.) ... YPF. should provide the information and scientific and technical data ... (about) ... the area granted (Art. 10), with no indication of compensation ... for the huge expenditure incurred for the study and appreciation of ... (the area).
• Exemptions and regime changes: ... privileges were granted in a range ... (as) ... ever ... (a) ... some company No official agency. In ... (the) Art.14 the company was authorized to import without prior authorization of any department or division and free of any restrictions, fees or taxes, "all machinery, equipment, including aircraft, marine equipment, cars, trucks , other teams ... that ... necessary, extending the franchise even the contractors of the company "... (also) ... the companies, employees and contractors could freely re "any time ..."
• In Art.18 was prescribed that the company can remit the country ... (source) ... foreign currency funds it deems necessary, convert the funds to currency Argentina "at the exchange rate of the contract" and convert dollars to freely remit. And all these operations "freely and without encumbrances of any nature. The government is obliged to ensure compliance with these provisions by the immediate availability on the banks of dollars required ... you ... would cause Failure for completion of the contract ... as ... (to) ... Art.55 ... the Argentine government should pay the company each and every one of the following amounts:

a) that equals the total amount of U.S. dollars investment not recovered by the company to

date of termination of contract-

b) which equals "one hundred percent totalappropriations the net proceeds ... in the amount of

unrecovered oil reserves in the area of \u200b\u200bcontract. " In case of discrepancy, ... (the) ...

pay

by the Government "shall be determined by arbitration." If the number of wells ...

drilled is insufficient to estimate the amount of unrecovered oil reserves,

should ... YPF. start charge, promptly and continuously drilling in each of

areas ..

c) The government will pay 25% of the whole, oil produced and stored before the expiration of 45 years ... ... areas (recognized by) ... the company as

potentially productive oil

.

There were no similar provisions to protect the interests Argentine ... on the contrary, at any time ... the company could terminate the contract by written submission to the Ministry of Industries with ... thirty days in advance.

REACTIONS, CHURCH AND OIL

... it was a predatory contract that gave the company the company's most favored clause. Peronist Lawmakers demanded the ratification ... some of them were opposed repairs ... ... Bustos Raúl Ferro Joaquín Díaz de Vivar, Alonso and Picerno ... proposed ... (as opposition) ... substantial reforms to the contract ...

... to defend ... (al) ... Government, the Minister Santos ... (he) ... conferences Arturo Frondizi ... ... (radio 07/27/1955) ... said that the strategic basis and ... (the area) granted to the 'California' in Patagonia, were "the physical mark of servitude." That year his book, "Oil and Politics' ... eleven years after Frondizi recognized ... ... (which) had erred in rejecting Peron's oil policy ... (and) ... that this attitude was ... British influence, which was opposed to U.S. efforts to move ahead ... to extract oil Perón Argentine ... ... in his book 'The Power to Exile' ... said that ... he was the victim of oil ... "English Commercial Counselor in Buenos Aires said ... that any effort by anybody to ensure oil production in Argentina, will be considered in London as an attack on British interests you."

The 'Standard Oil California' wanted it to be repealed Art. 40 of the Constitution ... because ... (the) contract not circumvent the requirements of Art. 40 ... ... but could be called the Constitutional Convention to reform only Art. 40 ... (are) used conflict with the Church to promote the reform of the Constitution.

... Former Minister Santos acknowledged in 1968 that there was an "irreconcilable conflict between constitutional provisions and the position comfortable and very profitable for foreign companies" - face it - "get up the tremendous drama of our huge deficit energy production total ... for thirty-three years. "

Frondizi

When in 1958 he held the presidency, continued efforts ... (of) dr. Yadarola, Argentine ambassador to ... (USA) appointed by Aramburu ... (limited) to revive the office of parliamentarians Peronist 1955. The conventions concluded by Frondizi during his famous' battle of the oil, "but did not recur and aggravate the errors which had held preliminary contract Perón with 'California' in 1955.

SOURCE

Pedro Santos Martínez

Ed La Bastille

1976, Buenos Aires