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Frondizi NEW ARGENTINA - 1946/1955. VOLUME II

ARGENTINA NEW 1946-1955 Volume II

ENERGY

In January 1946 had structured the National Energy Authority, comprising four agencies: the State Gas, Solid Fuels and Mineral, State Power Plants, Plants and Derived Fuels ... Added ... (YPF.) ...

The body was under the leadership of Colonel Bartolome Barefoot ... (in 1947), Power Plant would join the Irrigation Department to form a new company autarkic: Water Energy.

In place of the National organization was created National Energy Company. Distributions were maintained as above, but by changing the internal administrative structure without changing its autarky.

... ... Article 40 of the revised Constitution established the domain of the Nation on oil and other energy sources, but they were not expressly prohibited concessions, and secured the complete state monopoly of oil exploration.

Minister José C. Barro presented to Congress in 1949, an energy plan, whose objectives were to: self-sufficiency through the orderly use of all resources, replacement of perishable sources for which they are not, use of hydropower potential, production and rational intensive Liquid solid fuels; rationalization of consumption, state domination of the energy field.

In 1952 began channeling political indefinable ... by creating a national mining authorities (Decree No. 5598). Started operating in Rio Turbio coal mine. At that time, the British were importing coal for the railroads stone ... for you the war years, YPF. worried about the farm ... (of) ... ... oilfield discovered in 1887 (national surveys dating back to 1921) ... A special department was created in YPF. (1943) for ... ... (exploration) and its operation began in 1947 under the aegis of Solid Fuels and Minerals. Homes and factories were built, ... took machinery. Chile provided an outlet to the sea in Puerto Natales. But our government decided to build a way ... (railway) to Puerto Deseado.

not only decreased the import of coal ... to railways, but also for the production of gas, ... began using natural gas from oil wells that came from Comodoro Rivadavia ... (by) ... new pipeline. Manual work ... (in) ... these sites was replaced by machines ...

Prior to Peron, the Argentine government had taken over the facilities ... (of) ... the 'Primitive Gas Company' (05.03. 1945) that ... (did) ... to depend ... (of) Gas Service Federal Capital YPF dependent ... later became the National Directorate of Gas del Estado (January 1946) ... (is) ... ... proposed building a gas pipeline between Buenos Aires and Comodoro Rivadavia ... (planned) ... the work in six months ... (was built) in less than three years (21/02/1947 to 12/29/1949) ... (cost) ... u $ s 50 billion, and at that time was her pipeline longest in the world.

...

Among the works scheduled for the First Five Year Plan ... construction of the pipeline included the Dry Canyon-Buenos Aires ... that paralyzed imports of coal gas.

The Central Bank and U.S. oil interests

"According to ... Silenzi of Stagni, just assumed ... Perón established contacts with international oil ombudsmen. The negotiations do not ... (progressed) ... for foreign policy reasons and because of the lack of trust in government by ... the 'Standard Oil' ... spread the rumor that they planned to form a joint venture ... (YPF. - 'Standard Oil') ... (is) ... the Commission was ... Pro Monument to General Mosconi, whose main purpose was to defend the traditional oil policy Argentina ... "

{

would be good to clarify that the author meant by" traditional Argentina's oil policy "and that 1946 only had two records: the period 1916/1930 and the other precedes it and the case, both totally opposite ...}

... "(another) ... attempt had taken place ... (where) ... ... visit the Texas oilman Glen Mc Carty, who is intended to award all the extension of national territory. YPF's engineers. opposed his objections to this initiative. The government used to justify these projects on the grounds that ... (USA) ... (refused) to provide machinery and elements to YPF., the only solution was the delivery of our fields to foreign companies "

" According to the findings of Commission of Inquiry formed after the fall of Perón, ... chaired by Major Noailles, in mid-1949 ... Peron was in talks with oil companies ... (USA) ... "

{the author explores in a sale of $ s 100 million gold coinage, which certainly existed, it is debatable what is the assessment?. I am part of a generation of Argentines who grew up knowing of a man whose name was "the fugitive tyrant," meaning that our childhood, we live in contradiction. The Commission of Inquiry to mention the author head shot count suits and dresses and Perón and Evita pairs of shoes. Surely the sale of coins there, as no doubt also existed: the inconvertible pound and its economic / financial for our country. There was also no doubt Ambassador Braden, who was not an isolated man, but he held a dual representation: the 'Standard Oil' and policies taken by the Department of State - ie the U.S. - which has been storied including by Juan Carlos Escude. Also the author - Santos Martinez - use the Prebisch report on Argentina's economy in December 1955, but ignores the work of Jauretche: "The Plan Presbisch, Return to the colonial period, if only to refute it.

In my opinion for a better assessment would be more fair and just based on the terms of the contracts 'California'. Like Peron because he is considered (by some) the initiator of the "Third Position", compare the terms agreed with the 'California' in connection with the agreement of 1930 signed with Russia Yrigoyen (Yuyantorg) that the provision of fuel meant that the country needed to $ 0.11 cents. liter when the price of gasoline in the country, was $ 0.29, after the price war with foreign companies operating in the country.}

...

OIL POLICY (Peronist)

In 1946 Peron ... ... ... oil policy was not specific. The subject was not included in the First Five Year Plan proposed the nationalization ... No ... but a policy of joint ventures. Companies ... submitted proposals ... (even) ... demands and pressures for increased ... ... prices, limitation of tax reserves, predominantly in the import, etc. The government ... believed in the rapid replacement of oil ... atomic energy.

In December 1947, agreements were reported in 1937 ...

YPF

... ... was losing individuality ... (mostly) since 1950, with the creation of 'National Energy Company "(ENDE .)

... Decreasing YPF performance ...., Their perforations were insufficient ... That's how agreements were approved with ... companies ('Drillexco'). However, technical ... YPF. discovered new areas in 1950 ... (there is) ... a surge in production, prosecutors widened refineries, purchased or built another, as 'Overseas SA', 'Petrochemicals' ...

The fiscal tanker fleet ... (grew) ... until 1952 ... (there were shortcomings in) ... oil, cars, trucks, tanks ... Began replacement and refurbishment of YPF ... (despite having) ... with resources ... The main supplier financial ... ... (USA) ... established a licensing regime priority in which Argentina was in last place in both the list and on the supply ... (USA) ... is ... (transforms ) as the arbiter of Argentine oil development.

...

This situation facilitated the offense international oil monopolies ... (by) ... the limitation of tax reserves ...

NO COUNTRY CAN GROW WITHOUT OIL

Presbisch

... acknowledged that the pipeline 'President Peron ' in five years ... had saved "the consumption of 700,000 tons of coal and 400,000 tons of diesel oil" ... ... Perón: "Argentina's oil policy must be based on absolute conservation ... sovereignty ... Artina on our ground and rational and scientific and ... (the) ... State ... not share functions with other interests "(13/12/1947).

The 1949 Constitution established that ... the oil fields belonged to the Nation (Art. 40) ... ... Sampay: the constitutional ... "and creates a monopoly nationalized state of our oil ... "

... (Peron) ..." we do not need capital "(06/17/1948) ... (years later) ... Gomez Morales ...: needed u $ s 100 million to steel and ... 200 million for oil (December 1953).

...

Trusts to gains in Argentina ... The deficit surpassed 50% fuel ... the government should negotiate with international companies and impose ... subsidiary measures. Introduced a subsidy on imported oil and a ... (incipient) ... ration consumption ... Iran offered to supply low-priced, but Argentina ... with its own fleet, no ... accepted.

Given the energy crisis ... and the government opened negotiations with ... (USA) ... (with) ... ... mission led by Minister Cereijo the Second Five Year Plan ... ... (and) ... the 1422 Act foreign investment showed the intention to create favorable conditions for foreign capital ... ...

NEGOTIATIONS WITH FOREIGN COMPANIES

... message ... Congress ... (05/01/1954) Perón stressed the gravity of the energy problem ... oil was the most useful source of energy and its deficit had been "a constant negative factor in the negotiation of our flesh ... Great Britain ... we only sell oil according to its own need for meat ... (of) every $ s 4, - ... in imports one must dedicate to the purchase of fuel. " Argentina uses half the value of their exports to buy iron, machinery and "fuels that has 'reserved' by reason of a false 'nationalism' that did not quite understand" ...

Since September 1953 ... (succeed visits from the U.S.) ... Milton Eisenhower ... the oil expert John B. O'Connor ... (VP 'Desser Industries') ... (in) ... six months ... (walked) ... Argentine oil fields ... also ... Folyd Odlum, the' High Corporation '(representing the Morgan-Rockefeller' Caribe United Fruit Co. ') both incorporated ... (June 1954) ... THE' Petroargentina Inc. '. Signed a contract with the government of ... (25) years ... (for) ... form a subsidiary in the country of 'Atlas' working capital which would be blocked ...

pesos

{blocked pesos "in June 1954?, must see that the author is talking

}

... it was agreed a works contract and services for oil drilling ... work for YPF.

... In those days ... 'Standard Oil' ... presented ... another project to the government ...

... 1954 was approved the formation of the company "Schlumberger of Latin America." Talks were also made with 'Builders Consultants and Panama SA', 'Madlener' ...

(11.1954) ... Jorge Antonio in New York signed an agreement with 'Odlum' for the construction of a joint venture (Argentine-American) ... (for ) ... the exploitation of oil and uranium ... ... export and import operations ... the shares are divided equally ... This company in turn would train other companies ... Jorge Antonio acting by command of Perón.

{What the author implies when he says that "Jorge Antonio acted mandated by Peron?}

... These negotiations were also big oil, 'Standard Oil' ..., 'Royal Dutch-Shell' ... requiring large areas where they had recognized the existence of oil ...

...

All projects are presented under the new law ... (of) ... ... foreign investment - No. 14122 - ... (that) ... allowed out dividends abroad.

The 'Petroargentina' demanded that there were limits to such transfers or pre-determination of the exchange rate.

Perón had declared he was not interested who extracted the oil, "we're going to consume" ...

{

have said it shows little knowledge of the subject or something else}

... the country imported 50% ... Fuel ... (10/01/1954).

... ... Perón expressed a delirious optimism. Six months before his downfall told lawmakers (03/29/1955): "We found the solution ... (90%) of the problems ... country. Two weeks ago ... (have decided) ... three fundamental problems of oil exploitation ... ... ... electricity and steel. " It was the announcement of the agreement to be signed next month with the 'California Argentina. "

Meanwhile, Congress was done ... the National Productivity Social Welfare ... (21/31.03.1955, the result was) ... National Productivity Agreement ... (that) ... lay not put into practice ...

AGREEMENT WITH THE 'CALIFORNIA ARGENTINA'

... (07/1953) ... ... Milton Eisenhower visited Argentina, negotiations to allow entry to the country of the 'California' ... all negotiations ... of (1954 / 5) ... only took place on pre-contract with the 'California Argentina de Petroleo SA ', a subsidiary of the' Standard Oil '... Among the dr. Orlando Santos ... (Minister of Industry) ... and Owen James Haynes ... commitment was signed ... (04/25/1955) ...

PE rose to Congress (5/6/1955) the precursor Argentina ... The company was in name only ... had incorporated in Delaware ... ... with American capital of the 'Standard Oil' ... with the participation of the Argentine State ... (as a partner). The company would take his letters and accounts in English and ... (the) ... ... salaries (in dollars would be charged ... ... you gave:

• The administration, management and sole and exclusive control over the mode and method operations ... the kind of machinery design and ... (same) ... privileges ... ... regarding the number, selection, placement, promotion, dismissal, remuneration, etc., staff ... no law governed Argentina for the personal social ... although ... (acting) on \u200b\u200bour soil. Area
• granted, operating and investment: The area ... in the province of Santa Cruz, ... (with) ... an area of \u200b\u200b49,800 square kilometers (arts.3 and 5) ... (granted) ... extended for forty years ... at the discretion of the company for five years (Articles 4, 8, 27 and 63). The company had the sole and exclusive right to drill, operate, prospect, process, extract and exploit oil (Art. 5). The grant was known in the wider world.

... the current oil law (No. 12161) allowed maximum of ten grants permits searches of 6,000 hectares each ... (total) 60,000 hectares. The pre-agreement granted 4,980,000 acres. The Mining Code established that the term ... would be three years with two one year extensions ... ... ... as long as it had done serious work drilling (Arts. 381 / 385). The pre-agreement ... (attached) ... a word ... (very) ... than the maximum permitted by law.

• Company was required to achieve a daily output of about two hundred barrels .... The Argentine State ... receive 50% of net profits ... {would be interesting to know how he plays the term "net" in determining earnings
  } ...
• The company is obliged to invest $ s 4 .- million exploration ... (in) ... the first two years ... five million ... (in) the third and four ... in the room (Art.20) ..., it is agreed that any measurement of crude oil, gasoline and natural gas would be subject to publication English of the 'American Petroleum Institute' or ... 'California Natural Gasoline Association' ... finally assured her occupation "still and quiet" of the area granted, and the places and goods that are needed out of it (Art. 9).
• Infrastructure and construction ... I was authorized to build and maintain power within and outside the area granted, various buildings and facilities, airports, airfields, wireless telegraphs and telephones, jetties and roads, etc ... It did not have to making such works available to others ... if necessary, could not be used by our aviation airports, Piers, jetties by the Navy, ... (telegraph and telephone) ... for Communications, and the ways the Army. On the other hand could organize and maintain a police and army under the flag of the company.

may ... grant, meant to grant a permanent operating base of nearly 50,000-kms. square with its own economic life ... for the exclusive use of the company ... if the country ... (source) ... the company ... (USA) entered into an armed conflict or is insufficient the Panama Canal ... The proximity to the Antarctica required particular attention.

• YPF. and 'California': the ore extracted by the company ... would be sold to YPF. in dollars. Its price is determined by the East Texas oilfield least 5% (Art.42) ... The company is only obliged to deliver the products to YPF. river or sea port (the freight to the destination by YPF.) ... YPF. should provide the information and scientific and technical data ... (about) ... the area granted (Art. 10), with no indication of compensation ... for the huge expenditure incurred for the study and appreciation of ... (the area).
• Exemptions and regime changes: ... privileges were granted in a range ... (as) ... ever ... (a) ... some company No official agency. In ... (the) Art.14 the company was authorized to import without prior authorization of any department or division and free of any restrictions, fees or taxes, "all machinery, equipment, including aircraft, marine equipment, cars, trucks , other teams ... that ... necessary, extending the franchise even the contractors of the company "... (also) ... the companies, employees and contractors could freely re "any time ..."
• In Art.18 was prescribed that the company can remit the country ... (source) ... foreign currency funds it deems necessary, convert the funds to currency Argentina "at the exchange rate of the contract" and convert dollars to freely remit. And all these operations "freely and without encumbrances of any nature. The government is obliged to ensure compliance with these provisions by the immediate availability on the banks of dollars required ... you ... would cause Failure for completion of the contract ... as ... (to) ... Art.55 ... the Argentine government should pay the company each and every one of the following amounts:

a) that equals the total amount of U.S. dollars investment not recovered by the company to

date of termination of contract-

b) which equals "one hundred percent totalappropriations the net proceeds ... in the amount of

unrecovered oil reserves in the area of \u200b\u200bcontract. " In case of discrepancy, ... (the) ...

pay

by the Government "shall be determined by arbitration." If the number of wells ...

drilled is insufficient to estimate the amount of unrecovered oil reserves,

should ... YPF. start charge, promptly and continuously drilling in each of

areas ..

c) The government will pay 25% of the whole, oil produced and stored before the expiration of 45 years ... ... areas (recognized by) ... the company as

potentially productive oil

.

There were no similar provisions to protect the interests Argentine ... on the contrary, at any time ... the company could terminate the contract by written submission to the Ministry of Industries with ... thirty days in advance.

REACTIONS, CHURCH AND OIL

... it was a predatory contract that gave the company the company's most favored clause. Peronist Lawmakers demanded the ratification ... some of them were opposed repairs ... ... Bustos Raúl Ferro Joaquín Díaz de Vivar, Alonso and Picerno ... proposed ... (as opposition) ... substantial reforms to the contract ...

... to defend ... (al) ... Government, the Minister Santos ... (he) ... conferences Arturo Frondizi ... ... (radio 07/27/1955) ... said that the strategic basis and ... (the area) granted to the 'California' in Patagonia, were "the physical mark of servitude." That year his book, "Oil and Politics' ... eleven years after Frondizi recognized ... ... (which) had erred in rejecting Peron's oil policy ... (and) ... that this attitude was ... British influence, which was opposed to U.S. efforts to move ahead ... to extract oil Perón Argentine ... ... in his book 'The Power to Exile' ... said that ... he was the victim of oil ... "English Commercial Counselor in Buenos Aires said ... that any effort by anybody to ensure oil production in Argentina, will be considered in London as an attack on British interests you."

The 'Standard Oil California' wanted it to be repealed Art. 40 of the Constitution ... because ... (the) contract not circumvent the requirements of Art. 40 ... ... but could be called the Constitutional Convention to reform only Art. 40 ... (are) used conflict with the Church to promote the reform of the Constitution.

... Former Minister Santos acknowledged in 1968 that there was an "irreconcilable conflict between constitutional provisions and the position comfortable and very profitable for foreign companies" - face it - "get up the tremendous drama of our huge deficit energy production total ... for thirty-three years. "

Frondizi

When in 1958 he held the presidency, continued efforts ... (of) dr. Yadarola, Argentine ambassador to ... (USA) appointed by Aramburu ... (limited) to revive the office of parliamentarians Peronist 1955. The conventions concluded by Frondizi during his famous' battle of the oil, "but did not recur and aggravate the errors which had held preliminary contract Perón with 'California' in 1955.

SOURCE

Pedro Santos Martínez

Ed La Bastille

1976, Buenos Aires

Where To Buy Floating Candles Toronto

LIFE, PASSION AND DEATH OF ARTICLE 40

LIFE, PASSION AND DEATH OF ARTICLE 40

The Constitutional Convention had met in preparatory sessions ... (01/24/1949) and Hill ... at ... (3.16.1949) ... ...

CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS

After a couple of years in power, Perón ... (found) ... to reform the

Constitution ... The ... (27.98.1948) 13233 Act was passed declaring it necessary to review and reform of the Constitution ... "to the best defense of peoples' rights and welfare of the Nation."

The opposition objected ... ... (and) ... that Art.30 of the Constitution did not require a law but a "statement" ... should be made "by Congress by a vote of two-thirds ... at least of its members' ... (and of) ... total of representatives and no ... the present, as had happened ... in the roll of ... (13/14.08.194) ... and objecting to reelection clause.

... ... when the Peronist reform launched ... ... the ... (sectors) ... who years earlier had joined in ... the "Democratic Union" ... focused their efforts on a ... defense of liberal principles of the Constitution of 1853 .

DISCUSSIONS

... ... The conventional (radical) ... presented a united front ... issues not related to electoral reform itself; protested hotly contested ... everything that could be contested ... argued the invalidity of titles of representatives, for violating the No Call give 13233 the Art.30 of the Constitution.

...

Peronist bloc in the ... ... were forbidden to advertise conventional individual projects, all should be referred to the Committee on Preliminary Studies of the Reformation ... (headed by) ... ...

Sampay Arturo

... ... in and background of political struggle, Peronism and Radicalism matches ... had both wanted rejuvenate the ancient liberalism of the 1853 Constitution, both fought against imperialism, but both elements responsible sheltered ... to dispel these matches ... highlighting the occasional discrepancies. Even enlisted radicalism "chadistas" and Braden's friends ... In the Peronism also had ... "chadistas" with the commission of the financial octopus. Dr. Figuerola which was drafting the project ... Peronist, was another symbol ... the linkages between CADE and Peronism ... (had) started before ... (1946), where electrical service concessionaire Buenos Aires ... (would) ... leaning funds Labour candidate.

...

RADICAL BLOCK

... Most conventional radicals were 'intransigent', had designated block Lebensohn president ... wanted to support many of the reforms propounded by Peronism, because in large part agreed with the Programme de Avellaneda (1945). The sector 'unionist' pressing ... for a withdrawal from the Convention ... ...

... when it became clear that this clause (reelection) will be punished, the arguments of the 'unionist' seemed irrefutable ... (about) ... Peron be perpetuated in power.

A violent ... block secret discussion ended with the impression ... that the Radicals had to leave the premises, ... Lebensohn got ... (as authorized) to make, progress, attitude to believe ...

timely
Lebensohn

Moses, mentor radical intransigence, began visiting ... ... the president of the Convention, Colonel Merchant ... both ... (locked) ... a friendly relationship ...

Lebensohn prepared two speeches ... one was very violent one ... not so much ... when it was time ... ... he combined Lebensohn Both speeches ...

presidential reelection

... Peronism focused on an issue ... the need for reform: the re-election for the Peronist presidential ... was not in dispute, the mere formality that if you can reelected a president or not, what they wanted was that Peron was president for a second term, and perhaps by many more as well ...

... The conventional ... Keyway, Giovanelli ... ... ... Filippini and Paladino had a suggestion ... forfeited forthwith to the executive powers and national legislation, provincial community ... (allowing) one-time re-election ... (would be surprising and unexpected opposition) ... conventional Evita ... (... Campora, Visca ... ... Valenzuela, Aloé ... ... Méndez de San Martín and others ) ... (were) ... the most interested in preventing the sanctioning ... (the) ... re ... (for) the continuity Peronist be channeled to the application ... ... of ... Eva Peron.

... the 'avoid' ... tried to seek support from the president of the Convention, Merchant colonel ... ... (which in turn could have speculated co his own candidacy) ... ... it was an ally ignorant radical block ... was against re-election ... (and) cherished the hope that we will sanction the re ... ... position of hardliners who wanted to stay in the Convention to discuss the new Constitution ... (these maneuvers would arrive not successful).

DISCUSSION

Sampay ... ... Member informant claimed that the historical cycle of PJ should be led by Peron, "the fate of this company Argentina depends on the constitutional possibility that General Peron re-elected ... by the free vote of their fellow citizens ... should be removed from the Constitution that disability not advising prudence or political or historical circumstances in the country. " The radicals complained that the only reason ... it was the aspiration to re-elect ... Perón.

... (tasty debates were finally unified block radical positions and retreated to the bench Lebensohn radical, subject to clearly establish the support radical) ... with the "provisions pertaining to public service in part come to our program. "

ARTICLE 40

The project ... Peronist postulated an article which was written based on Article 40 ... referred to the organization of wealth and government intervention ... (nationalizing) ... minerals, oil , coal, gas and other energy sources and public services.

The "nationalization" of public services was a key issue. The decade ... (1930/1940) ... among other ingenious creations had a policy of "nationalization" of public services aimed at the realization of negotiated famous ... (the transformation of 'Chad' in 'CADE' is an example of "nationalization") ...

... the Budget Act of 1936 (Law 12345) exempted from tax operations transformation of the concession of public services, improving the negotiation. Those were the "nationalization" of the "Infamous Decade."

The Technical Secretary of the Presidency ... Dr. José Figuerola ... (connected) ... with 'CADE' and 'Sofina', I defend this kind of "nationalization" ... (in) ... the project that he gave ... (Peron) ... he gave final shape to provide that ... it would be governed by a law ... "nationalization promptly determine and, if appropriate, the nationalization of services public who are exploited by individuals. "

... for ... the Study Commission of the block, was reworked by the conventional ... Arturo Sampay ... (that) ... it was - well - the theoretician of the Convention ... in ... (his) ... thinking ... the country should emphasize the nationalization plan, banking ..., utilities, natural energy, foreign trade ... "Free Economy" ... it was for him synonymous with capitalist-driven economy posters ... "nationalization" should involve "Nationalization" ...

... well designed nationalization necessarily lead to the expropriation of corporate borrowers ... Sampay ...: "The company that assumes the provision of a public service of a State to take charge attitude usually a private activity, as a function of the state ... ... can not be granted but as a transitional status, after which the property does not need to be replaced at the dealership assets to continue providing the same service, who replaced the state in a public function invests capital rigorously determined that rescues along the provision of that capital and get a fair return, because everything that exceed this limit must be regarded as repayment of capital "... matched Sampay Avellaneda Program ... (from the UCR.) ... ...

Sampa changed ... the warm approach of the Peronist party ... ... (with) ... the end ... two paragraphs: "The utilities originally belong to the State, and under no circumstances be transferred, or granted for exploitation. Those who are in private hands will be transferred to the State, by purchase or expropriation with prior compensation, when a national law determined by "..." The price of the expropriation of public service concessionaires will be the source of the cost of goods expropriation affected; the amounts that would have been amortized over the period observed from the granting of the concession, and the excess over a reasonable profit, which will also be considered as reinstatement of capital invested "... (These clauses were few) ... likely to penalize the Convention.

's office alarmed Commission ... operating companies ... especially the 'CADE'. Perón began to feel the pressure ... I convinced ... (of) ... the convenience to please. There was very concerned and diplomatic representatives of the executive ... ... Figuerola was foreign capita ... the bridge ... (with) ... the foreign labors.

... (09/03/1949) Perón called Merchant, saying that diplomatic Italian, Swiss, American British and suggested modifying the art. 40 ... (Merchant) ... it spoke to Sampay interpreted in reverse ... ... ... would be evident that the motive of the reform was only re ... agreed to keep secret the management of Peron ...

... ... (10.03 1949) ... ... Merchant Sampay (interviewed) Sampay Peron ... ... said that under no circumstances ... (was) ... ... can change the Art. 40 (Peron) ... ... listen and said, "Okay. I prefer to fight the Americans and not support the lenguaraces inside. "

Perón had given his word ... ... Sampay Merchant decided to accelerate the adoption of the reform ... (11/03/1949) ... 8.35 pm., There were 82 conventional sleepy ... Some knew they had to hurry the penalty. Merchant presided ... giving the keynote ... After half a day ... appeared ... Juan Duarte (private secretary to the President) ... (between Merchant Tessaire Sampay and entertained him.)

... The conventional Martin ended his speech: "No land in imperialism and oligarchy that we can win" ... Merchant hastily voted ... release ... and vote Campora nominally called Sampay ... ... (was) ... one of the last to vote ... Juan Duarte expected quiet ... (the end of the vote) ... ... Duarte conveyed the message ... Perón had ordered that no vote on art. 40. The conventional ... (he) said the envoy ... that just adopted. Duarte expressed his disappointment ... (by) have been slow to arrive a few minutes ... ... (the) Congress. That same afternoon, the conventional ... ... the Constitution they swore punished.

{

half rare, are so fallen from the cot}

The night of day 11, at Jose L. Torres ... with Scalabrini Ortiz and Jorge de Rio ... Sampay told another news ... (a) your friends. Was included in art.84, as if by magic, the requirement of native Argentine ministers had a special significance ... ... ... Figuerola minister would not be was born in Barcelona in 1897 Argentine citizen in 1935 ... it looked like a wedge 'CADE' ...

absorbed the blows

Peron ... (I'm sorry) ... Figuerola, and suggested the ability to think in any case law that mitigate the rigor of Art. 40.

TREASON

One should admit defeat ... Sampay diners at the house of Joseph L. Torres was the art.20 ... ... he repeated the figure of treason of Art.29 ... Sampay had planned ... "Congress can not grant the Executive Branch or the provincial legislatures to governors ... extraordinary powers or the sum of public power or submission or supremacy, for the life, honor or wealth of Argentines are at the mercy of government or individual. Nor can sell the property or granting exploitation, foreign companies, rail, ports, communication networks telephone, energy sources, the bank officer to issue coins or other national wealth originally belonged to public property or was recovered for him or take any action that directly or indirectly give the alien the handling of the economy of the country ... Events of this nature shall be utterly void, and be subject to those who run, or sign consent , responsibility and punishment of traitors to the Fatherland. "

Perón objected to the draft Sampay ... with the argument that one should not throw mud on it, the Argentine past.

... ... The Constitution (1949) ... (are) amended the Preamble and 56 Articles of the 110 was the former ... included four new items: the art.15 developed the idea did not recognize freedom to infringe upon freedom ..., 37 ... (on) the special rights of workers, families, the elderly, education and culture, with 39 declared that capital should be employed by the national economy and ... the key objectives of social welfare and , 40 ... Rules State intervention in the economy and the nationalization of certain natural resources and public services ...

Major economic reforms have not raised major objections of radical intransigence ... had they remained in their seats, because the program also Avellaneda ... favored as Art. 40, 68 Inc.5 No ... the central bank nationalization and ... that in any case and issuing credit agency could be mixed or private entities ... ... Art. 38 modified the conception of liberal ... property ... the necessary measures for fire of estates ...

The most important reforms ... the art.77 ... (about) ... reelection and 82 which outlawed the electoral college, providing that the vice president and be elected by the people ... simple plurality to vote ...

The ... (03/16/1949), at 14.20 pm., Peron attended the Congress ... (and swore the new Constitution) ...

STATIONS OF THE CROSS

who had

... bold clauses against the will of Perón felt ... in hand the responsibility they had assumed. Merchant ended his term as governor of Buenos Aires and had to go into exile, many of his ministers ... went straight to jail, charged with common crimes. Sampay had to undergo impeachment (which was not allowed to defend themselves), being dismissed from the office of Attorney General ... masquerading as cure exile due to cross the border with the help of the parents of Don Orione.

Peronist government ... ... (was) increasingly losing its revolutionary impulse ... Perón signed an agreement with the 'Standard' ... himself explain it well ... in "The Force is the law of the Beasts": "The ... Argentina American technicians reportedly ... (is) one of the four major oil fields ... The huge reservoir ... sleeps in the bosom of the earth ... , waiting for nuclear energy to destroy its value ... Venezuela to exploit its oil companies ... (USA) 50%, similar to that ... proposed to make with the 'Standard' ... The results are excellent and the result, wealth and the flourishing of this country ... If you have solved the problem Argentine energy ... the only way possible ... is ... its extraction companies hire qualified ... for his art, for ... financial possibilities, by the availability of machinery, etc. "

Perón submitted the agreement with the 'Standard' ... Congress ... when the" Liberating Revolution 'overthrew him ... many felt it was a direct delivery of imperialism ... (U.S.).

... to the 'Standard' ... not convinced by the mere adoption by Congress, said Art. 40 ... ... deposits owned indefeasible and inalienable the Nation and the company was pressing for reform in this article.

As had been ... hard to convene a Constitutional Convention to reform the Art. 40, Perón took ... (the conflict with the church) ... (05/05/1955) ... ten deputies presented a draft reform ... (to) ... art.2 º and consistent ... (about) ... "The Federal Government supports the Roman Catholic Apostolic religion ..." (05/18/1955) ... issue of the Constitutional Affairs Committee ... (5/19/1955) ... ... the project was approved in the Lower House ) ... at ... (05/20/1955) ... penalty Senate ... (23/05/1955) Perón enacted the law ... 14,404 ... (saying) ... "... necessary partial reform of the Constitution in all matters linked to the Church and its relations with the state, to ensure effective religious freedom and equality before the law. "

As the Constitutional Convention of 1949 had declared sovereign to decide on reforms that would punish ... not have ... (obstacles to) punish other reforms.

So yes, Perón would take the rematch last Art. 40.

The (6/11/1955) ... (with the invitation) ... to the Corpus Christi procession, Catholics divided ... (these) ... verse:

"Ahijuna the Peronist / why they went wrong account ... / y so now you try / to the new convention / is to remove a screed / The Art. 40 / This is dispose (sic) / the assets of the nation ... / and the separation of church and state / foxes have intended / change the Constitution. "

The ... (09/15/1955) ... revolution shifted the power Liberation (Peron) ... (4/27/1956) ... ... and ... Aramburu Red ... issued a proclamation declaring the 1853 Constitution in force, with the reforms of 1860, 1866 and 1898, excluding the 1949 ...

Now ... there would be no constitutional obstacles to review banking policy and foreign trade, to negotiate oil contracts postulates in "Yadarola Plan" to privatize public services listed in the "Plan Presbich" ... ... Re-election was not the problem. Scalabrni Ortiz: "There are no eggs in the uterus ... the uterus the eggs are in the Art. 40 of the Constitution. Art. 40 which is the want to delete ... "

... a call to the National Constitutional Convention elections held ... on ... (28/07/1957).

... Soon after the start of the Convention ... (you were removing the conventional cross-party) ... the edge of the lack of a quorum adopted a statement supporting the validity of the Constitution of the 1853 Constitution and its amendments , except for ... (of) 1949.

was the end of the "Constitution Justicialista" and ... Art. 40. Finally passed on ... (art.14 bis), ... (over) statements and social rights and labor.

SOURCE Alberto Gonzalez Arzac

Todo es Historia

November, 1969

Draining Swolen Finger

Every time I say goodbye

is not sadness of loss and is not angry, maybe just look like a strange nostalgia.
An intimate belief that the passage of time erases slow, why not say brutally.

is not a complaint or even a cry, though I would say in a scream as an outburst of indignation altered. Lest

forget to lie to you, maybe so, waking like a dream everything is carved in the skin, and cleared by the wild frenzy of inhuman pain of the naked truth to beautiful lies strokes.

Maybe the world is wise is vital nature, in their fierce struggle for the unequal survival. But surely the world is cruel is its macabre puzzle by giving in to the relentless struggle to live at any price.

While living ...


always cost us death.

good trip friend.

Ina.

musical planet

5000 Of Heparin Equals 1 Ml

AZARETTO MR AND BOUND AROUND THE LORD'S ANSWER

BOUND AROUND

Horror Films Strangled Women

AZARETTO

15.12.2010 comment {The author's note published on 23.11.2010 in journal "LOS ANDES" in such comments indicate the points I deserved, I also get to the Mr Azaretto, who in turn makes me get your response. Hela here}


Azaretto Roberto response Confusing


date of the Battle of Salta to the Vuelta de Obligado is an inadvertent error, taught me that I should be more focused on the revision of texts.

Fred O 'Donnell was an excellent secretary of culture of the Mayor of Buenos Aires in July Saguier (radical) and Carlos Menem. Fred once said that culture should be secretary of life for their work, their creativity and ability to do things with little money.

This is not inconsistent with their status as a historian, which has a ju ICIO for plagiarism by a biography of Monteagudo and his first book "The History that we do not count" is a simple compilation of footnotes in the book of History Teacher Student secundatrios Astolfi.

Recently, Mendoza said some nonsense about Aldao monk who denied Jaime Correas, who wrote about the character, in a panel that integrates Carlos Rosa.

assumes an inheritance that was awarded to Jose Maria Rosa, fortunately for the story today Rosa, has been surpassed.

Many things can be written on the Vuelta de Obligado, not covered in an opinion column,

For example the French intervention, competing with the English, who blocked the port of Buenos Aires in the government of Lavalle, and federal prisoners freed the approval of Juan Manuel de Rosas.

not mix apples and oranges, the intervention of France in Algeria is justified in destroying one of the bases of piracy in the Mediterranean and forcing everyone to pay a toll to avoid their kings. Being a small country the United States gave him his first lesson to the Europeans in the late eighteenth century when three frigates with hundred Marines took Tripoli, Libya and change to low, crews rescuing American prisoners of those states pirates, hence the motto of the Marines that country "alive or dead boys return home"

The carloto was never taken seriously. Nor is Seriously, with all due respect, think that was possible only state in English America.

> That's descoocer the economy and the transportation problem. Maybe
Peru and Bolivia could be united in one state or the Paraguay and Uruguay with us. Also
pudinmos
er hand, the Argentines from other divisions. The state of Artigas was guaranitica state reconstruction of the Jesuits in Paraguay, the Mesopotamia, Rio grande, missions and Uruguay,

In 1833, Mendoza wanted to be part of Chile, although in the last century preferred to be linked to BsAs , and succeeded.

Upper Peru was part of the viceroyalty by financial question was the same case, although revenue en1805 Rio de la Plata exceeded those of Potosi. Rosas

inthe acted only battle that was in Caseros, all the time between the pronouncement of Urquiza and this battle, it shows no military initiative
fortiter
When I speak of strong built seriously as Martin Garcia Sarmiento with guns and Zárate newest technologies. That the fleet should Montevideo retirrse course did not have any chance in that theater of operations but was more effective as agrgando Obligado support fire hydrants on the river front.

Sarmiento was in more battles Rosas, one of them in Mendoza, saw the slaughter of Narciso Laprida, which recalls Borges in his poem conjectural in search of their South American destination. His father rescues him from combat and that saves him from being taken prisoner and perhaps the squad.

Los Quiroga lived in Buenos Aires, among other resources, enjoyed Rosas funds for the campaign sent him into the wilderness, it depletes the province sacandole the horses that fattened in San Juan and then sold at high prices. Mendoza never wanted, perhaps because the province was different from the rest. As argued Peña y Lillo, "had about three hundred people with a certain level of education," while others recently in Roca times were the first university.

The French intervened in the campaign Lavalle with the argument that given the intervendcion Roses in Montevideo. Spoke against the red roses and twenty years later will look for the Reds against the Whites, acting with other issues that generate the Paraguayan war.

The issue of free navigation of the rivers is poorly posed by revisionist currents Buenos Aires, is similar to the nationalization of oil or mineral matter so much today. Rosas

just like all locals did not want the provinces adjoining the navigable rivers could trade through its ports to the outside and thus the right would collect customs. So Cordoba in the decade of 'conflict levied 116 000 pesos, and Buenos Aires more than two million. Of these funds only occasionally sent a few thousand to the interior.

Port Control and income are key to the conflicts of this century.
So the battle is Buenos Aires, and if it is true that a son of Quiroga, a resident of San Pedro, was present in the ranks of Buenos Aires is also true that another child was in the ranks of Lavalle, five years earlier.

The note should be balanced, as some say it is benign Rosas. Knew how to negotiate, was a friend of the British and strategic partner. Something lacking for space on the note, the British took decades in large-scale investment in the country, when they sailed the Parana were impressed by the poverty of the interior.

Rosas was a prominent politician at the level of Joseph Marie de Maistre, concerned about the future of social class to the advancing liberal, first and later the Marxist socialism, His letters are interesting and show their knowledge in matters of state and the new challenges before the fall of absolutism.

Belgrano did not detract from, who knew nothing of the militia, to the point where it takes me hours to realize that they won in Tucuman Vilcapugio had gained was lost by his command. San Martin

was more like a barracks, a real prodesional as was Alvear and brothers Balcarce.

Paz was a seminarian, had a higher education and was a student of that for months acedemia directed San Martin in Tucuman. It was but a tactical strategist, winning battles, not wars wise. Sarmiento

fundço the military academy, the academy, I import heavy weapons, rifles and machine guns and repeat the armored squadron to defend the Rio de la Plata and modernized the cavalry

although they do not know why they introduced Sarmiento and Mitre this discussion. Mitre, gaucho was in the halls of Roses, and earned his military rank in the Academy of Uruguay, founded the school after Bolivia's military as its first director.

Rosas was the continuation of the leadership of Buenos Aires and at that stage reached great popularity. Never understood the interior'y during his government unified the country with blood and fire with the Uruguayan colonel. Rose did with the Uruguayan generals.
is that men are inside the enigmatic General Urquiza and Julio Argentino Roca to build its political power with urqucistas I survived and many of the defeated 1867 in a synthesis that overcomes a generation built on a desert a modern country.

is said that there was no Formosa, and Chaco and in the army santacruceños Mansilla.
As I would see if the southern route started eight land where they exercised jurisdiction or Buenos Aires and the provinces and less in Chaco and Formosa, these national territories Rock makes his second term that puts us in Antarctica.

a geography book entitled The Earth, French author, with which my father studied in the primary in 1920 said in the pages dedicated to our country 'that' we had achieved since the economy reconstuir the viceroyalty, as most trade land, the industries of these countries were held in Argentina and linked by rivers and railroads that united Buenos Aires to La Paz, Asuncion and connection with the Uruguay river.
author
He said the question for next two decades, before the stark differences in our favor, was whether the annexation would tempt us with these countries brothers reasonable control or influence economic advantage. Sure

years later came the nationalist who led us into the disaster of the Falklands dictaduras'y with his generals and admirals who felt police rather than military and therefore acted as cowards who hit when the victim is held by the mob But fleeing the fighting honorable men insane.

Miu Miu Bow Selfridges

THE BAD MISTER SAMUELSON

THE BAD MISTER SAMUELSON

" in their brains no thoughts as our, or feeling in their hearts like ours. "

Stephen King

" Hearts in Atlantis "

One (1) of the newspapers published in our city, we regularly comments on Robert J. Samuelson, who apparently is "Scriptwriter" about the economy in "The Washington Post." In separate letters of 28 November and 05 December we reported ...

spits us

• " is re-writing the contract social with a cut of the benefits and protections of the government ... " and adds " and that ordinary citizens tolerate austerity (higher unemployment, fewer benefits, higher taxes) without resorting to protests to paralyze the streets ... "

Caspita! ... They are rewriting the social contract! ... Who? ... When? ... Where? ... Why cut themselves? ... The "ordinary citizens" (and tolerant), "Il popolo minute", the citizens of leg to the ground ... They have something to say! ... RIGHT have to say! ... Or not?

Mr. Samuelson, sweeping away the art.14 bis of the Constitution and bypassing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adds:

• " In what As allow programs elderly other governmental move - National Defense, Education, Transportation ... - and raise taxes to levels that would almost certainly reduce the economic growth? "
• " need something more powerful ... The longer life expectancy, ... the more elderly causes increased health costs ... ask to what extent allow the benefits of the elderly are a burden for young people. "

And so is revealed the conspiracy of the elders ... those old men who, shamelessly, are bent to live more and bothering to go over your requirements!

Samuelson pussy, let me patitieso! Never imagine that breathing for more than six decades were so harmful. More than a Matuasto bad!

I have always believed that economic crises are periodic earlier, many older than welfare. I have always believed that the basis of the economic crisis was the excessive ambition, irrational, for a profit without limits, provided, permitted and tolerated by others, for speculation and corruption of both.

financial plague the "housing bubble" that plagues the U.S. and Europe ... A single financier - Madoff - wonted is "bombardment" or $ s50.000.000.000-all before the unflinching inaction government, his body control and the whole financial system ... and Mr. Samuelson pointed out as the major culprit for the elderly!

Sayings of Mr. Samuelson seems naive ... candid confession of evil, to be thankful.

remains a question: What , who, who speak when Mr. Samuelson writes?

Julio A.

Irrazabal

LE. 8152370

jairrazabal@hotmail.com

" www.hastaelpelomasdelgado.blogspot.com

(1) "ONE" 28.11.2010 and 05.12.2010

Grapefruits And Coversyl

URIBURU GOVERNMENT AND OIL

URIBURU GOVERNMENT AND OIL

A ... historiography and popular tradition insists on the birth of the revolution of 06 September 1930, under the sign of oil. Oil and politics would be so inextricably linked in ushering in a coup ... the tradition of "oil shock" ... oil politics and the dictatorship of General José Félix Uriburu ... the reaction of the oil companies before the nationalization program of President Yrigoyen ... The relationship between the government and oil companies Uriburu ... the development of policy in the oil ... context of crisis of 1930 ... which ended with the conservative restoration.

... {A}

PERLITA

... (The) ... "righteous indignation" ... (of) ... traditional leaders to the radical regime "was supported by personal resentment against the horde of officials lower class who had taken positions they had occupied earlier in the councils of government ... (little) ... before the revolution, a man who from that time is very noticeable in the new government - Matías Sánchez Sorondo - said in the presence of a member of the Embassy, \u200b\u200bhe felt Yrigoyen at Government House as his listeners would have been with a black in the White House "(Source: USA, NA, DS, 835.00 Revolutions/12. Bliss to the Secretary of State, September 1930.)

... ... ... interests (the U.S.) and British are not allowed to express their relief at the fall of Yrigoyenist regime, above all ... (because) ... their replacements predicted ... a relationship ... (fruits) and normal in the context of insecurity that created the crisis ....

THE GOVERNMENT AND ITS RELATIONS WITH RADICAL (USA) GREAT BRITAIN AND

... ... 1927 had reached a new ambassador to ... (USA) ... ... 1928 Robert Woods Bliss, in full Ambassador campaign ... could not say what were the feelings of Yrigoyen ... to ... (USA), although "little doubt ... between Melo and Yrigoyen, the country and foreign interests would be much better served ... by the first and the prospects of a new government are daunting Yrigoyen "

...

... no ... diplomat reassured a skeptical tone radical nationalist agenda ... the petroleum and climate of hostility ... against ... (U.S. .)

... Bliss ... (and) ... your opinion about ... (Yrigoyen) and its future management was frankly pessimistic ... ... they could not expect favors from the new president and ... (USA) would find serious "obstacles in their legitimate business with this country. "

... ... (With Hoover) Yrigoyen ... (was) ... ... polite but firm in his criticism of the interventionist policy of ... (USA) and no ... change the ... (isolation) ... (of) ... foreign policy. One thing was to respond kindly cables and answer phone calls ...

{"The men are sacred to people and nations are sacred to people."}

... and another fall in the Pan American Games White House.

... ... 1930 ... relations (arrived) at full power ... (this) ... did not, ... the question of oil ... but discriminatory tariff policy and ... (U.S.) ... and there were similar measures ... ... in the 20s, the famous 'Howley Smoot Tariff' ... June 1930 ... The outpouring of protest and unrest spread to different economic groups.

...

YRIGOYEN AND BRITAIN

... the British capital was concerned about the return to power of the old chief, "is hated and feared by all who have interests in the country (the British ambassador Sir Malcolm Robertson, June 1927).

... ... not ignoring ... the peculiar attitude exhibited by British oil companies in front of radicalism projects ....

... ... ... the British trade mission headed by Lord D'Abernon found the end of 1929 ... ... (in) ... ... Yrigoyen host more than cordial ... ...

has been suggested that this shift in favor of Yrigoyen Britain was a way to counter the growing penetration of American ... and the role of the British as an obstacle to her ... ...

(Ambassador Robertson to Foreign Office) ... "The current government ... is ... scared by economic penetration ... (USA), fear that shares most of the public ... ... The reasons are obvious: the Monroe Doctrine armed intervention in Central America, the history of Panama, the tariff policy of ... (USA) ... ... I am more than convinced that the president and the majority of thinking people ... fear ... (USA) but trust us ... This is our chance. "

... ... (but) ... some action ... in order ... economic closure of the Currency Board in late 1929, angered the British.

...

The new British ambassador Sir Ronald Mackey ... June 1930 ... (had) a more rigid position ... ...

... the fall of the government ... was held in terms auspicious by the British Chamber of Commerce.

AGAINST REVOLUTION ... (USA) GREAT BRITAIN AND

... the overthrow of Irigoyen was seen ... as an auspicious event ... (USA). The 'New York Times' ... "Yrigoyen fought the purposes of the ... (USA). Washington expects more cooperation from the new regime. President ... (Yrigoyen) ... refused to appoint a representative here ... FIGHT AGAINST THE MONROE DOCTRINE "

{Coming of those who come, as an Argentine, I am proud of the deposed}

... ... the members of new government ... most flamboyant officers was linked to foreign domestic companies at a rate and intensity such that ... was ... a formidable security guarantee.

himself ... (Uriburu) ..., which characterized ... "patriotic fervor, nobility, chivalry, absolute unselfishness, the Hispanic concept of honor" ... described by his cousin Carlos

Ibarguren ... ... ... According

data ... (of) ... 1928/29 ... (Uriburu) ... along with Carlos Ibarguren served on the board of Bank Finance and Mandates, ... representing German interests ... ... ... accompanied by ..., Carlos Meyer Pellegrini.

...

(Ibarguren and Meyer) ... ... a nationalist, conservative, the other ... (Auditors in Cordoba and Buenos Aires), charges he resigned) ... Ibarguren ... by 1930 ... (chair) Argentine Bank Finance and mandates, was director of the "Insurance Company The Germano Argentina 'which included ... Ernesto Padilla and Meyer Pellegrini.

(Meyer) ... business and social interests, by 1930, ... an impressive list, was president: 'Compañía Argentina de Electricidad', 'Argentina Trustee Company', 'Company Thyssen lametal', 'Germanic Bank South America ', director for 'English Banco Rio de la Plata' ... (with Sanchez Sorondo, consultant), 'Insurance Company The Germano Argentina', 'Transradio' international telecommunications company (with Horacio Beccar Varela), 'General Company Capitalization La Esmeralda '; trustee corporations' La Margarita 'and Treuhand Management Society and Mandate', integrating the Rural Society and the Federation of Industry Commerce, was a member ... Arms Circle, Jockey Club, Jockey Club Argentino, and Teutonic Club German Club.

... (With) ... like history or London or Washington ... (took) ... seriously nationalist revolutionary movement that was attributed to ... (the) ... ...

general Uriburu

... ... both the U.S. government as the British ... (were) willing ... (to) ... recognition ... a government that promises and formulated so sure that was so directly interested in meeting them.

... ... Bliss ... (U.S. Ambassador) ... "Yrigoyen drop ... can be described as a restoration rather than ... a Revolution ... (the new administration) is unquestionably more popular civil or military, a constitutionalist movement born unconstitutionally "

...

The ... (USA) ... not left to feel a deep relief with the fall of Yrigoyen.

THE ECONOMIC CRISIS OF 1929

The crisis that hit ... (as) world ... ... was ... in its origins, an American made ... was exported to Europe ... especially in Germany, Austria and Great Britain ... more than predicted no major difficulties for those whose economy rested ... in the export of raw materials and food ...

France, Germany ..., (USA) ... created since 1929, insurmountable obstacles to imports of agricultural products and livestock ... 1932, ... Great Britain ... (started ) ... a policy of protectionism which would seriously affect imperial ... ... ...

Argentine products

... ... The triangular relationship of capital, goods and transport linked to Argentina, ... (U.S.) and Britain not only meant the breakdown of the traditional ... ('Friendship') Anglo-Argentina ... (And) ... the impossibility of replacing it with a similar ... to ... (USA).

... And the crisis had arrived ... (mid) ... 1928 was a sudden exodus of capital ... the amount of exports ... (decreased) severely ... the value of the peso began to fall and capital stressed ... its ... ( withdrawal) ... The closure of the Currency Board ... December 1929, tended to slow the drain of gold to the outside.

... ..., the government obtained an immediate Uriburu support of financial and economic circles natives ... (or) ... foreigners, eager to alleviate their loans, the situation in Argentina.

... ... Argentina ... (was) ... one of the few nations ... that was forced to suspend payment of its foreign debt ... ...

The crisis was ... the working class ... down ... the real wages increased unemployment ... ... (and) ... the unprecedented persecution that the government made labor organizations ... a business offensive to the detriment of their rights and achievements ... ... reappeared with greater virulence.

"THE SMELL OF OIL"

{The author tries to point out hesitantly as they do, but not so much, who has followed so far this chronic notice that s it was not the only trigger, not less influence. The dilemma certainly understand that the 1930 coup had "smell of oil '}

... one thing is to deny the oil purely ... (hit) and another state that had nothing to do with oil, fruit plot a heterogeneous political and economic forces seem to have in common only their furious antiyrigoyenismo, the regime harbored in Septembrina ... its members ... to oil interests. If we review the list of his ministers ... (be evident) ... their links with companies ... ...

THE OIL CRISIS

the late 20s, the oil industry had to face ... : ... overproduction and falling prices ... to an end ... frankly alarming for companies ... ... 1927, world production grew by 17% ... Stored stocks reached unprecedented levels ... ... The situation worsened in 1930 ... following the economic crisis ... ... The blockbuster ... ... (and) ... a competition ... launched further reinforced the big companies in two ways: global cartelization and conservation policy ... (USA).

THE FORMATION OF OIL CARTEL

... 1927 ... a price war between the 'Royal Dutch Shell' and 'Standard Oil' ... This ... had agreed to sell oil ... (Russian) in India ... (the opposition) ... of Sir Henry Deterding (Shell) ... (and) ... the ... (ownership) ... (equipment) ... of Production of 'Shell' in the Caucasus.

The 'Shell' said a price war in India to evict the 'Standard Oil' ... The war spread to Europe and ... (USA) ... soon to emerge attempts to agreements ... slow down a competition that threatened ... their profits.

... end of 1928 the 'Shell', a 'Standard' ... and 'Anglo Persian' reached a settlement ... (share) ... the market in India. It was the first step towards cartelization ... 1928 Walter C. Deterding invited Teagle ('Standard') and ... Lord John Cadman ('Anglo Persian'), Achanacarry Castle in Scotland ... ... The three companies controlled over 50% of total sales and ... was time to agree ... was Achanacarry Convention ... ( o) 'Pool Association of 17 September, 1928. " The agreement covered the whole world except for ... (USA) Russia ...

(Basically the agreement was: accept percentage volume and current and future projection, most common use of facilities for children costs, development of facilities and rationalized to avoid duplication of these, the production would retain the geographical advantages. In sum agreed to cease competition and unify the offer)

The poster was cut ... ... growing competition, freezing the market and combining their facilities to present a united front against companies that seek to enter new markets; against which reduced prices ... (or) ... another disturbance.

Growing ... (e) production of control ... ... (USA) ... (to be) ... adjust the terms of the agreement Achanacarry from an attempt to control another production ... aimed at ... (share) markets.

The three companies discussed ... the implementation of quotas, except in ... (USA). Agreed ... (he) ... right to the national market share they controlled in 1928. It was agreed ... to provide the markets since the nearest sources of supply. They also agreed to ... to ... a more economical use of tankers ... Finally, the system established the "Gulf Plus" to fix prices.

... 1930 the 'Royal Dutch Shell', the 'Standard Oil' ... and 'Anglo Persian' ... come to a new set of "Principles" in the "Memorandum For European Markets' ... (for) ... to promote production programs for the bid ... not exceed demand. They also set quotas for the sale of kerosene, naphtha and diesel ... (Europe).

IN ... (USA): CONSERVATION

The increased production ... (USA) and ... the possible shortage of reserves ... (future) ... led ... to find ways to control the production and avoid waste ... there was a problem ...: antitrust laws ... (USA) ...

{Note that the 'Cartel' goes beyond logic search for a rationalization of the effectiveness and progress not only on consumers but also on developing countries where reserves were located

}

... 1924, President Calvin Coolidge created the 'Federal Oil Conservation Board' ... (by) ... over-production and long-term shortages ... ...

... 'Standard Oil '... defined for its subsidiaries, the policy of acquiring concessions where ... (not) ... could get control of the whole structure of how to regulate the production ... ... (and) ... demand.

... ... 1929 ... President Herbert Hoover ... (is maintained) ... control ... (production) and the oil states ... {} should say the companies agreed to the setting of quotas for independent production ... producers resisted to comply ... and ... Texas ... (turned) ... a military intervention to enforce ... ...

... President Hoover refused new permits searches on public land ...

{

came as radicalism in Argentina}

... (and) ... found (Hoover) the idea of \u200b\u200breaching federal regulation of production, urged refineries to shorten the work week to reduce ... stock and ... (set) ... a protective tariff to curb imports of raw ...

{remember that the U.S.

was the only place in the world was covered with the words "As-is" phantom freight and implicit}

... The policy of control of production ... tended to become more price agreement on measures aimed at conservation.

THE PRIVATE SECTOR OF THE OIL INDUSTRY TO ARGENTINA 1927

... ... number of companies that exploited concessions ... (were) ... thirteen, of these ... the 'Standard' ... (USA) ... (with) ... five ... subsidiaries of British and Anglo-Dutch: the 'Railroad', the 'Industrial and Commercial Oil', the 'Headset', the 'Eastern Petroleum and Finance' and group 'Koster' ... 'Astra' represented an intricate interweaving of Argentine and foreign capital. Unless the company 'Challaco' ... the rest of the domestic companies were more or less parasitic structures that ... (charged) ... Stock ... (a) ... foreign companies ... (and) ... to exploit their privileged privileged mining properties ... ( to be close to) ... ... wealth tax reserves proven.

... ... the 'Standard' ... (operating) in ... Argentina ... (from) ... 1908 ... 1911 ... only in its subsidiary begins operations the 'West Indian Oil Co.' In the Argentine market ... acquires the 'National Oil Company' and begin to refine crude oil imported into the country. Its entry into our sites ... (was) ... in the early 20s ... Even before organized as a corporation ... Went to obtain concessions ... in areas of proven reserves ... ... Comodoro Rivadavia, Plaza Huincul and Salta. In Neuquén ... buy a ... 'Challaco' part of searches and their valuable belongings. Comodoro Rivadavia E gets transfers between 1918 and 1922 ... In the North enters Salta and Jujuy (associated with the wits' Leach Argentine Estates ') ... the Campana refinery in Puerto Galván adds another ... and another ... in Salta ...

British and Anglo-Dutch group is headed by ... the' Royal Dutch 'the' Anglo Persian. "

... the 'Royal Dutch' ... their interest was a ... empire centered on oil concessions in Europe and the U.S., Mexico, Venezuela, Romania, the Dutch East Indies and Sarawak.

... in ... Argentina ... the 'Royal Dutch' opera ... (with) ... more subsidiaries 'Tiara', 'Torch', 'Ruby', 'Pearl' and 'Bright' ... get ... searches in Comodoro Rivadavia, Santa Cruz and Mendoza (Malargue) ...

The Anglo Persian ... ever ... (is stated) ... in the Argentine market ... was invited to invest in the country by the brothers Dodero ... (and) is organized in London on 'Union Dodero' and a subsidiary of the ... ('Anglo') ... the 'Industrial and Commercial Company Oil '... The' Anglo 'get ... Neuquén concessions, Santa Cruz and Chubut ... its chairman Sir Charles Greenway came to Argentina in 1925 to manage an extension ... (of) ... concessions (failed and attempted) ... form a 'trust' with 'Astra' (failed, however) ... the 'Anglo 'and' Astra '... (agreed) ... jointly operate the distillery' Ithaca '(Bell) ... (the' Anglo ') ended up leaving the country ... ... ...

Koster Group ... represented by the companies' Solano' 'Sirius', 'Chubut' and 'Aldebaran' ... originally Dutch capital ... then associated with British capital through the 'Commodore Oil and Transport' ...

The 'Eastern Petroleum and Finance' British capital ... ... (attached) to the ... 'British Burmah' ... (with) ... ... in Chubut property ... (finally) ... is associated with the 'Astra' ... (and) ... the company organizes both 'East'.

The 'Astra' ... Argentine capital initially end up tying a network of interests and capital from various sources ... in 1921 ... (it is taken over by) ... the 'trust' German 'Deustsche Eradoel Geselischat ...' ... through ... 'International Petroleum of Zurich', built the first private oil pipeline in Comodoro Rivadavia.

STATUS

ARGENTINA: THE PROJECT OF NATURALIZATION AND THE FORMATION OF OIL FROM

.. end of 1927 ... the House of Representatives had given preliminary approval to the proposed nationalization of the oil monopoly and promoted ... by ... (the radical) with the support of ... (independent socialism) ... leaving however, subsisting private concessions ... burdened by a royalty of 10%. The reaction was joining the company ... ... (in) ... a front against the nationalization ... (12.1926/03.1927) ... they join the Industrial Union of Argentina, the 'Astra', 'Standard', 'Company Challaco', 'National Company Oil ',' Tiara '...' Refinery Isaura '...' The Republic '("Jersey Standard"), ...' East '... (with) significant absences:' Galena Signal Oil '...' Texaco ' and ... 'Vacuun' ... (and) the British production company British Rail ...

... ... ... the fact that rivals are united ... to pressure the Argentine government, reveals that the oil nationalization project involved a serious enough threat to depose commercial antagonisms ... ... proposed repeal the decrees of ... (1/10/1924) who created a tax reserve ... (of) 32 million hectares and adopt legislation that "protects and promotes the interests of private industry ... "(and therefore considered it a threat and) ... a profound sense of insecurity so deep that ... (in 1925) ... do not hesitate to suggest to the Senate the possibility of expropriation as an alternative to staying with their grants frozen and burdened by a royalty of 10% ...

{

another way of assessing the proposal is aimed at making it uneconomical unviable resolved by Deputies also sought to reduce the royalties}

... (by the author) ... preferred average expropriation sanction of 1927 ... the expropriation could be a good deal or a headache ... The companies adopted a preventive strategy ... (increasing) in several million authorized capital ... ...

{

through history the companies never seriously considered heartily accept compensation and in fact the oil was a source of wars and armed interventions

}

... ... the companies betting on the conservative Senate ... confident that the opposition-dominated Senate, rejected the state monopoly publications ... By 1930 ... ... (the) private sector began a campaign ... (on) a possible reservoir depletion Comodoro Rivadavia. It was not a new theme, and ... had warned in 1927 to discourage ... ... (the) proposal

nacionalizadota ... ... ... Fallen

Uriburu Yrigoyen and enthroned the downward trend of production ... be reversed quickly, very quickly indeed ... Fallen Yrigoyen and filed the draft state monopoly the site of Comodoro Rivadavia mysteriously regained productivity.

... BREAKING THE FRONT AND THE OIL CRISIS IN ARGENTINA

Falling Yrigoyen favored companies, and would not talk about oil monopoly ... The dictatorship of Uriburu ... (Promised) ... more friendly treatment.

Just when the picture began to clear ... the oil front was shattered and the companies ended up opposing ...: the producer ... (against) ... the producers / importers and importing ... missing the threat (nationalization) ... the competition for the domestic market was accentuated ...

... to the low international price of oil ... trusts manufacturers / importers, importing firms ... (the 'Standard') flooded the market with crude and fuel oil imports. The Argentine market was ideal for the 'Cartel', a producer (not self-supply) and ... one of the largest markets in Latin America. The agreement provided Achanacary ... (that to) the excess of oil ... (be placed) in other markets at competitive prices and that's exactly what they did ... ...

Some production companies raised their voice against the flood of imported crude and do not hesitate ... (speak) ... of 'dumping' ... in 1932 ... (got) ... ...

protective tariffs
{

now state intervention did not bother to at least one the sides}

...

GOVERNMENT OIL POLICY URIBURU

Yrigoyen's fall and the resignation of Mosconi ... involving the liquidation of nationalization program and oil monopoly ... It was well known that the new government bury definitely the question ... ...

... 19 September the new Minister of Agriculture, Beccar Horacio Varela, putting in office the Director Genera ... YPF. had been clear on the subject ...: "... the oil problem must be approached with discretion ... serene, without haste and without harm ... the current government intends to defer their resolution to be addressed by those who replace them. The new law ... must be the result of a study ... of specialists trying to bring the high interests of the nation ... in the provinces, with well-understood interests of commerce and industry.

... has stressed time and again that the key was that the revolutionary government was floating in oil.

never had such lofty company direct spokesmen in government circles ... like now.

's cabinet seemed Uriburu the local board of a multinational company ... representatives of U.S. economic interests, German and British ... only none of them represented oil interests ...

... Agriculture Minister ... (with your) relationship with the oil industry ... ( el) ... dr. Horacio Varela Beccar lawyer linked to 'Flirts National City Bank', and therefore the interests of Morgan ... ... (also director) of the 'Compania Argentina de Comodoro Rivadavia' associated with 'British Railways', oil company 'River Atuel '; ... the company' Sol '(' Anglo Persian '), had been president .... Local 'Galena Signal Oil' ...

Foreign Minister, Ernesto Bosch, had presided over ... the 'Industrial and Commercial Company of Oil' ('Anglo Persian') ... also chairman of 'The SA Agricultural and Scandinavia Livestock '.

Octavio S. Pico, Public Works Minister of Interior then was director of the 'Compania Argentina de Comodoro Rivadavia' (Railroad Oil) ... (And) ... President of the 'Andean Oil Company. "

The chief of staff, Lt. Col. Emilio Kinkelin ... ... ... representative of German oil capital ... (Hugo Stinnes, connected to) ... insurance ... (related) with the 'Standard Oil' ... (to) ... transfer their searches in Comodoro Rivadavia (1925 / 6) ...

Interior Minister, Mathias G. Sanchez Sorondo ... (with) ... close relations with a 'Standard'. This had appointed with Romulus and Manuel Naón Augusto Montes de Oca, lawyers for the company in litigation with the province of Salta ... was also the director ... "Argentina Commercial and Financial Franco."

President's Office ... whose relatives were related to the 'Standard', depicted mostly German financial interests ... Ibarguren and Meyer Carlos Pellegrini, ... were ... personeros German capital.

... There is no doubt that oil companies had secured a prime influence ...

THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT E YPF.

Falling Yrigoyen and withdrawal left Mosconi YPF. ... At a disadvantage and hard about the government ..., where hostile interests moved to the distribution.

...

Mosconi had made ... (YPF.) a powerful economic organization in order to impose their views and assert their rights against the government itself ... a true power factor within the State ... I could not easily be dispensed s opinion Once all measures were taken on hydrocarbons.

... ... (Produced the beat) ... tried to justify ordering an investigation ... of the deposed government. The oil interests put special emphasis on discrediting the work of Mosconi, complained that ... be extended to the distribution. Was available ... the creation of a commission of inquiry ...

research was directed especially against Mosconi ... arrested and ... (secure) ... closely.

The ... (09/10/1930), however, the interim government approved the budget ... (YPF.) as they had arranged ... (Mosconi), and no more was said about the matter.

... The new director general, Captain Philip Flies ... an oil magazine 'World Petroleum' ... (it) felt ... like ... in favor of the 'American interests' ... (his second) ... ... Allaria general, was at least one transaction with YPF., was known for his friendship and sympathy Mosconi ... of nationalist spirit untarnished, he had clashed with the 'Standard' ... and (was) a member of the "Alliance Continental."

...

Flies To replace ... (is) ... appoints Henry Zimmerman fervent nationalist ... again reign in YPF., The spirit that had been imposed Mosconi.

{

an assumption, by my own: the author - who is not naive - uses a style that raises the critical reader, as well as what it says, uses what it says. Can obviously be a ploy to put a defender of YPF. at the head of the company to fail since all government policies are targeted at meeting the demand of the 'Cartel', which are meticulously detailed.}

ZIMMERMAN, YPF. AND THE FIGHT AGAINST COMPANIES

The situation in Salta was ... one of the most contentious and difficult to solve. The overthrow of radicalism and consequently the fall of Governor Cornejo allowed the 'Standard' ... strengthen its position ... ... YPF decided to face once again denouncing their activities ... the ... (31/03/1931) goes to the Ministry of Agriculture requesting ... the cancellation of concessions and permits to build an oil pipeline in northern Argentina ... ... parallel ... get ... (the) ... approval of the agreement that the company has signed with Skip to explore and exploit deposits of ... (the) province in exchange a royalty of 13% ... (A trend later disappeared) ... The Comptroller Federal, Erasmo Martínez, and 'Standard' with the permission of the Minister Arias ... culminated in November ... an arrangement that largely favored the company ... (he remembered) ... "A ROYALTY OF 10% IN LIEU OF ALL TAXES FOR THIRTY YEARS "(Source: U.S.., NA., DS., 8356363/361. White to Secretary of State 11/12/1931) ..." If this arrangement becomes effective remedy a long controversy and will be a great relief to the 'Standard' ... and provincial authorities have RECOGNIZED THE VALIDITY OF THE RIGHTS OF THE COMPANY, all that remains in court should be of secondary importance "(same source).

The 'Standard' ... had triumphed in every respect. To cushion the reaction of the financial YPF in Salta ... ... the decree extended ... (15/10/1929) forbidding searches ... den the reserve area ... In addition, YPF. pay a royalty of 13%, the 'Standard' only 10% and was also tax exempt.

...

The ... (12/04/1931) ... the Provisional Government, in agreement of Ministers decided to annul ... (Salta-'Standard Conventions') ... alleging that the Comptroller had exceeded his duties. There was no such ... (because) ... had been ... (driven) ... by the minister of Agriculture, David M. Arias, ... (the reaction of YPF and social and economic sectors led the decline)

... ... the generator Allaria (second from YPF, denounced in writing Uriburu) ... to the controller in its negotiations with the ... ('Standard ') was ... (done) ... "enormities that are not acceptable to agree ... searches expired according to the Code ... the pipeline agreed (with the' Standard ') are another enormity, are true transportation pipelines that will compete and void rail "...

{

first is for transport but why else serve the pipelines? It also states the damage to railroads - English and competitive capital - which in turn were asserting their rate in the transport of strategic goods - in this case oil - to defend their interests. Also remember that the 'Standard' sought a Bolivian oil and through that nation's managed the construction of a pipeline under the government of Yrigoyen, Mosconi had refused and instead suggested that YPF. build it so it was not accepted by Bolivia. But Allaria, nationalist military with friendship and Baldrich Mosconi, a member of the Continental Alliance, in 1931 as second in command of YPF. the bid was in the North, with the 'Standard' and uses a tactical turn English interests include a government sensitive and careful not to alienate those interests. Finally remember that war would break out in 1932 between Bolivia and Paraguay, which would be outside the 'Standard' or 'Royal Dutch'. It is my inference is that all about or taken into account in its complaint Allaria}

Zimmerman

... ... - December 1931 - proposed tariff measures that hurt ... ... the interests of large import ... ... (Zimmerman's actions and Allaria had succeeded) in Buenos Aires ... reduce sales of gasoline of the 'Standard' and 'Royal Dutch' who came together to report and complain of 'monopoly' of YPF.

ASPECTS OF THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT OIL POLITICAL

... (the government) ... did not intend to enact substantive legislation on oil ... ... (leaving it) ... the future government in a veiled constitutional ... ... ( hinted) ... ... the nationalization was not included in the agenda ... the government ... The Provisional Government ... (Thought) ... to be respected freedom of trade in oil ... ... request of the 'Standard' ... (and Ambassador) ... dictated a decree facilitating the entry, until then locked, the suppliers 'Wayne' ... (a while there was a government-business arm wrestling by customs duties on crude oil, which eventually rose $ 5, - ... $ 16 - to $ 21.68 a ton).

... "CHANGING COURSE?

... April 1931 ... a revolutionary reorganization of the cabinet. Beccar Minister Varela is replaced by David M. ... Arias, Octavio S. ... Pico ... Public Works ... to Interior Public Works ... ... Pablo Calatayud. The input and Calatayud Arias said the influence of ... (USA) and the government ... (Calatayud) was a senior manager of 'Firestone' ... (Arias) ... would be ... (one of the main culprits) ... Conventions between Salta and the 'Standard' ...

... (7/19/1931) on new Minister of Agriculture ... in a meaningful discourse ... "In terms of oil ... the country will significantly alter the course of policy to be continued until today. Much of Chubut, Santa North Cruz, ... Neuquén, Tierra del Fuego ... ... ... La Pampa and Black River are areas that have been closed to private initiative, all without reservations ... in Salta, Jujuy and Mendoza ... contrasts the magnitude of these reserves to insignificance really exploited areas ... "... and Minister Arias was promising a review ... the benefit of the companies ..." We must encourage private initiative. Is necessary ... the cooperation of private capital. Should be terminated ... all thrown into the flight fantasies for gimmicky "... no other requirement that the payment of royalties.

The vision of the new minister, YPF was operating as a "private company" free of any official support or encouragement. The state turned away from s own creation ... The program ... (of) ... Arias seemed modeled on that sponsored the oil companies ... in the case of Salta provisional government gave conditions under which payment of a royalty would be outweighed by other franchises and concessions he was willing to lavish hand over fist ...

oil

Press said "delighted" the speech and the promises of the minister ...

SOURCE

Fernando Garcia Molina, Carlos A May

Editor Latin American Center

1985, Buenos Aires