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ARTS.39 AND TRANSITIONAL PROVISION 40 3 ª - CONSTITUTION NATIONAL

NATIONAL CONSTITUTION

... ART. 39: Citizens have a right of initiative to introduce bills in the House of Representatives. The Congress shall consider them within the term of twelve months.

Congress with the vote of an absolute majority of all members of each House, a regulatory law that may not require more than three percent of the national electoral roll within which shall provide for adequate territorial distribution in order to support the initiative.

not be the subject of popular initiative projects involving constitutional reform, international treaties, budget and criminal matters.

ART. 40 : Congress at the initiative of the Chamber of Deputies may submit to referendum a bill. call law may not , be vetoed. The affirmative vote project by the people of the Nation will convert a law and its promulgation shall be automatic.

Congress or the President of the Nation, within their respective powers, shall call a non-binding. In this case voting shall not be binding.

Congress with the vote absolute majority of all members of each house you, will regulate the materials, procedures and timing of the referendum.

... ...

TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS ... ...

THIRD: The law regulating the exercise of popular initiative shall be approved within eighteen months of this enactment (Referring to Article 39).

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20 NOVEMBER 1845 - DAY OF NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY

20 NOVEMBER

DAY OF NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY

The November 23, 2010, "LOS ANDES published an about the Battle of Vuelta de Obligado and the supremacy of Buenos Aires, authored by Mr. Roberto Azaretto , which I think deserves some comments.

In the second paragraph the author burden on Mr. Pacho O'Donnell who passing on limited knowledge military history. It is not my intention - nor do I apply - assuming the defense of Mr. O'Donnell, who will respond or not as deemed appropriate.

As the author, from the beginning wins straw in the eyes of others, see as straw and other eye-beams.

Note that blew open dating the battle of the Vuelta de Obligado the 20 FEBRUARY 1845 (¿¡!?) , all the literature on the subject, the law establishing "Sovereignty Day" and across the country are consistent in that it gave 20 NOVEMBER 1845.

Continuing

the author asserting that "the fuerzasporteñas were defeated" , this suggests two thoughts:

1. 1845, a war on the coast of Buenos Aires and given the conditions, it was impossible the troops were made up from Santa Cruz, Formosa and Chaco. Anyway, among the officers in charge of rural bodies was Facundo Quiroga (son of Tigre de los Llanos, La Rioja -). described as "Buenos Aires" and not "Argentine" native troops who fought, it seems a bit much.

2. The author believes that the action ended in defeat Argentina . If considered, as it surely must have thought the Anglo-French - that the thing starts and ends on 20 NOVEMBER could be them victory and defeat our . Following this line of reasoning could be inferred that the Jujuy Exodus was a runaway. may be that the battle is over the NOVEMBER 20, however it was demonstrated that the fight had just begun and would extend April 1846, and will show that the difficulties they had to leave - were higher than those who had to go - so much so that at any given time the invasion fleet was bottled .

addition to not achieving its objectives, must support the continued attacks Argentines, who will inflict major losses in battle.

the author also argues that paragraph other vessels are built to be sunk , according to this statement, I argue that there battles must be fought as so they know "... the Argentines are not pies to be eaten without further work to open his mouth" (Don José de San Martín).

And I contend that Argentina win was because when you got out, did not attempt to re and all ended with treaties that established: evacuation and return of Martin Garcia, return of the ships of war and captured prey it is recognized that the navigation of the Paraná was interior of Argentina subject only to its laws and regulations, as well as that of Uruguay in common with the Oriental Republic (WAS THE CRITICAL POINT OF CONFLICT) recognizes the full sovereignty Argentina. The naval forces of both powers redress the national flag with 21 guns. (Compare these conditions with those imposed on China just before that are developed later)

Following the linear development, adopted by the author asserts that Rosas had military grade politics. Well at that time was being accessed the military grade "barracks" is

entering the army at a young age, in the case of San Martin, who along with Peace - in the pantheon of heroes - Would alone be regarded as "strategists." The rest: Belgrano, lawyer, military become circumstances is credited with two wins (Salta and Tucumán) and two defeats (Vilcapugio and Ayohuma); Sarmiento he held military rank was only "boletinero" Big Army. Mitre military "? Neither in theory nor in practice, defeated by the Indians in Sierra Chica, defeated at Cepeda, "winner? In Pavon, is a Mandingo tracalada revisionists who say that Pavon was "Tongo" and / or "vintage", Curupayty defeated, defeated at La Verde. Roses may not have been a military talent, but surely was not a shyster who graciously granted him a military rank.

The Lord Azaretto continues, in his text, saying: "We never prepared for a conflict with European powers." Paraná River has several branches or channels. Prior to the invasion were prepared defenses in different places of the river: Obligado, La Ramada, Cooper, Acevedo and San Lorenzo. The author includes in this article the weapons had been purchased some guns "to 20" (which could be achieved). The invaders had guns Peyser - rifled first - the brand new gun Pauxhans shell and the Congreve rockets, most of "80 pounds" (all used for the first time in America). Can anyone imagine that he has a monopoly on cutting-edge military technology and is committed to supporting their "claims" in the product of such technology weapons, is willing to share it or sell it to the recipients of its "claims" and demands? "Where the guns come get trade" (Casimir Perier, French Chief of Staff, 1834).

The author continues his argument by asking: is a national trade ban to the provinces? The reason for the conflict passed by the European claim Argentine navigate inland rivers without any control. provincial states that pre-existed the Nation, preconstitutional pacts, which referred to the Constitution, had instructed the governor of Buenos Aires external relations and to control the navigation system of these rivers passing the order. Arturo Jauretche wondered: Free navigation of our rivers?, Who was released do? ... Argentine control and added: Wow you. to navigate freely, "the Thames and will see how it goes!

Azaretto asserts that the fleet was lost - in vain - in front of Montevideo. The situation was that there was a state of war between the Confederation of Argentina and the de facto government of the Republic, under international law, Argentina proceeded to the blockade of Montevideo, after notifying the other nations. Europeans in disregard of international law and standards, violating its neutral status illegitimately seized the Argentina squad.

Then the Lord Azaretto refers to the casualties suffered by the contenders, for the Argentines 40% - for with other historians - increases in a hundred injured in two Argentines and reduces the wounded dozens in Europe. Remember enough to be referenced Curupayty defeat under the leadership of Bartolome Mitre, who after a shower, ordered a bayonet charge on muddy slopes, feigning withdrawal to restart after the attack, the attack sent 17,000 soldiers killed ... 10,000 (ten thousand), including Dominguito son of Sarmiento. The Paraguayans recorded 92 (ninety-two) low.

to here the words of Lord Azaretto and observations, I believe, deserve. For a better picture of the situation still remains some clarifications, months in those conflicting English and French with the participation of a controversial figure like Garibaldi proceeded: bombing and looting of Cologne Gualeguaychú looting, plundering of Salto, there was also an attempt in Paysandu city would have to wait even a few years by martyrdom.

is clear that the Lord Azaretto and I to the same facts have different valuations and in that sense you can go further: England during the 'Napoleonic Wars' executed a strategic option, dismissed the possibility to unify all Hispanic America about 'Carlota', would have been a magnificent fulcrum. And chose a difficult path, but in the medium term lead to 'Balkanization' the continent from the British perspective was a strategic choice. It must also be noted as in harmony with the above will mark out its strategic development : Malvinas, the Rock of Gibraltar, the Suez Canal, Hong Kong.

To approach an understanding of the Vuelta de Obligado what was at stake and their significance, should be kept in mind - in a non-exhaustive - between 1830 to 1867 ,

with England and France in the lead, but with European support, also happened: the conquest of Algeria bombing of San Juan de Ulua (Mexico); bombing of Beirut bombing of Papeete, capital of Tahiti, the Opium War (China); intervention in Egypt bombing of Tangier occupation of Mexico and the crowning of a European emperor (Maximilian I).

worth mentioning the "Opium War" in China from 1841 to 1842 , Europeans proceeded to blockade the coast, rivers occupying a favorable trade treaty - freedom to sell Opium - China gave in and had to compensate for lost merchandise and expenses of war (Treaty of Nanking).

Compare the Treaty of Nanking with the treaties signed by these payments and notice the difference.

These facts and more were mindful of the Argentines in 1845, some chose to fight in Vuelta de Obligado or support this fight is not being Rosas. Others chose to autoconsiderarse 'allies' of Europeans, while they considered them 'auxiliary' , grantees and left in charge of ground control that the 'auditors' preferred do not assume.

This record, at least, should take into account the Argentines in 2010 to assess the Vuelta de Obligado and its significance.

July

Irrazabal

LE. 8152370

jairrazabal@hotmail.com

www.hastaelpelomasdelgado.blogspot.com

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PEATEÓN

SAY NO PEDESTRIAN

(fragment)

LEAVE, THE WIND UP, ANY MORNING ... ... raising the

PATIENCE, STRESSING

the dreams that ...

FLEE BEFORE OUR

... LUCKY DOG;

... RUNNING TOWARD ONE, ONLY URGENT

... I PEDESTRIAN, TELL ME ... ...

TELL ME THAT I SAY: YOU MUST DO SOMETHING OLD ...

TO DO SOMETHING AND SOON AND HERE, NO FURTHER

IR ...

Because I do not CAME OUT OR THE LANGUAGE ...

HERE AND NOW, I SAY, NOT more laps,

... WHAT TO DO WHAT DO BROTHER UNDER THE RAIN?

... WHAT TO DO WHAT DO BROTHER POSTER LACERA?

WHERE THE COCA COLA SE MATA DE RISA ...

ME BECAUSE IM NOT WITH OTHER arrangements and ASPIRIN;

... I PEDESTRIANS, BE GUILTY OF CROWD,

... NOT BUY MORE TRAMS!

TELL

NO, NO ... NO ROUND AND DRY!

AND FOR ALL THE TRAVEL NOT SAY A Cannon Shot!

... NO! UNTIL I DO NOT HAVE THE THIRTY-THREE OF HAND!

...

COMPADRE Do you realize? SIMPLE THING WAS

... FREEDOM IS EXERCISE

... SAY NO ,

... JUST TRY

COMPADRE, BEGIN BY NO MORE SMALL

TELL

... EVERYWHERE ...

... NOT THE APPALLING ... famine.

... NO TO YANKEES IN CUBA (OR ANYWHERE)

NO KILLED IN THE VIETNAM WAR ...

TO HUMILIATE THE BLOOD AND IN SANTO DOMINGO ...

SAY NO

openly TABLE WHERE YOU UNTIL

SPREAD BY THE WHOLE COUNTRY NO

A ... BIG AS A HOUSE

DAY WHERE WE CAN STAY

OUR DREAMS ... BUT IF

CASE FEEL THE AIR AS A SOUND

VILLAGE WALK, FLOW IN SI TORRENTE

to fetch PEER

RIVERS ... Raise up

IN HONOR OF THE COUNTRY WE LOVE AND LEAVE A

SAY YES , SIMPLY

Armando Tejada Gómez

{text provided by Mario Palavecino - Retired Officers and Retired Coordinator of Mendoza - July Adaptation Irrazabal text}

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SAY NO TO THE COVENANT, THE OIL AND OIL TRUST LANACIONALIZACIÓN

THE COVENANT AND THE OIL

... (to consider) ... oil ... our history has two poles ... the first ... (YPF. and Mosconi) ... (and) ... contracts, initiated by he signed with the 'California Argentina' ... one to another ... is an almost unexplored chronological gap ... in which the concerted action of "World Oil Cartel" introduced its principles in our country and determines all ... (possible) ... politics ... (national) ... (and) ... in short, was the oil policy ... dominant political ... contemporary born Roca-Runciman Pact, was largely the result and the reason for contracts ...

... (Roca-Runciman Pact) ... (was) a system by which we are governed cows ... ... also the currency and oil.

... ... To make address changes ... Argentine oil between the revolution of 1930 and beginning of the Peronist government, it would be ... (must attend) ... the establishment and consolidation of the "International Petroleum Cartel '... (the) ... review is based ... research ... (of) ... Senate (U.S.) ... in 1952 ...

ORIGIN AND CONSOLIDATION OF INTERNATIONAL POSTER

... (the) ... establishment of a "Cartel International, goes through various stages ... shall be ... (must have) ... reason enough to encourage capital ... antagonistic to reconcile ... for the perfect articulation of such a complex mechanism as a 'cartel' ... can not be the result, ..., a first piece of paper, but the product of long experience that fits the relationship of the parties and establishes institutions and trading companies ... necessary ...

THE ORIGINS OF THE POSTER

... a holding company focused vertically capital ... ... a "Trust" or a "cartel" are horizontal organizations ... (its component lost) ... her personality and independence ... (with) ... ... limits that have been agreed ... (the) ... "Holdings" could fit in a single "Cartel" ... (and) ... also components ... (of a 'cartel') ... ... can be a "holding" ... (it is) ... its proportionate interest in a specific sector ... example, distilleries, pipelines or shipping, which ... are used together and according to the proportions assigned ...

{I would an intervention to highlight the contemporary and parallel events in our country and world, Argentina created its

'Address' before the U.S. and the action shows a 'keep up' with the subject. Argentina starts simultaneously with the world oil process will be enemies of the Argentine

}

... ... the first agreement between big companies ... (where) ... the price war broke out in India between ... (the) ... ' Standard Oil '... and ...' Royal Dutch Shell 'in 1927 and then ... widespread ... (to Europe and America) ... (and) ... that ... (to) reconcile this fight ... ruined ... (looked) ... an agreement on maximum oil heads ... Teagle ... ('Standard'), Deterding ... ... ('Royal Dutch Shell') and Codman ... ... ('Anglo Persian') ... (were) ... the bases of an initial agreement ... (on 9/17/1928) ... (called) ... "Pool Association of 1928" or ... "Achanacarry Agreement" ... (by the castle where it was signed) ... containing the 'basics' ... (known) ... as early "as-is"

• (Consider 1928 as base to determine the share to the future in each other's business.
• (Use all the installations, equipment and facilities).
• (Restrict the construction of new facilities)
• (unification of product prices, regardless of their point of origin).
• ... supply obligations from the area ... closer. Hold
• overproduction ... ...
• Delete all competition program ...

... (the) Contracting ... ... (agreement) ... the prices were ... (controllable) ... (and) ... to neutralize the competition of Russian oil ...

CONSERVATION POLICY

principles ... " As-is "... (from surgery) ... by 1930, with the slogan of conservation ... (from) reserves ... (USA) ... at ... (19/01/1929) ... created the" Export Petroleum Association Inc "... it was the regulator of U.S. exports and prices in the world market ... (and) ... penetration had begun in the Middle East. The 'Iraq Petroleum Co. Ltd.' ... was formed with the support of French capital, American and British concessions to exploit the 'Turkish Petroleum Co.' Mr. Gulbenkian and those who gave in exchange for shares in the corporations ...

... the "cartel As-is" ... (identify) ... ... policy and its objectives with the defense ... ... ( USA) ... missing all limits ... among them best ... and the convenience of U.S. foreign policy ...

... Oil policy ceased to be an expression of business ... ... to become a public policy interest to the major foreign powers ... ...

POSTER IN EUROPE

Simultaneously ... (reach) Romania ... (an) agreement ... "As-is" and its national oil companies ... (accepted) ... reduce its production competitive in exchange for better prices ... featuring a European market governed by the "cartel" ... 1932 ... conference ... (with assistance ) Russian representatives ... (with the goal / excuse) ... the interests of global conservation ... (who) ... was the faithful portrait of the principles of "As-is" ... Russia ... (was) part ... (1932) of "cartel" Swedish ... (1935) of German ... (until that year he retired).

to ... 1935 ... (year of the signing of the Roca-Runciman Pact), the "cartel" ... (had) ... managed to balance production and consumption ... solved the problem ... of the antitrust laws ... ( USA) and suppressed the Russian intervention in the global market.

witch hunt

... 1955, "Economic Comissiona for Europe '... (he) ... a report on the oil trustificación, repeating the findings of the' Federal Trade Commission '... nature ... secret ... (above)" ... an influence damaging the European economy in the interests of the monopolies "...

PRICE 'FOB' PRICE 'CIF'

('FOB' = 'Free On Board' = price of goods placed free on board" ) is ... the price ... in place ... boarding.

('CIF' = 'Covered Freigthen Invoice' = price in the port of destination)

... in the ... (first) ... freight ... (by) ... the buyer and the ... ( second) ... (and) ... the seller.

... (by) ... Achanacarry ... (was found) ... commodity prices at the same ... ... (however point) ... ...

origin

... equal prices in consumer markets located at distances the disparate

sources ... ... the price

'FOB' ... (includes a phantom freight always against the buyer) ... (for) ... the Arab oil European buyer paid as if the product came from ... (USA) . And the Latin American consumer products - Americans - paid a phantom freight as if the origin is Arabic.

This system

... ... extortion and monopoly, the 'Cartel' called it ... "retain the geographical advantages" ... (was a) ... no free market competition, Argentina was no exception, ALWAYS YOUR IMPORT WAS BILLED 'FOB' ON TEXAS WITH THE FREIGHT CHARGE ... GHOST ... Here's how cunning ... the 'Cartel' to keep the division of clientele ... (all the oil activity in the country, conducted by the U.S. and England adhered to the principles 'as-is').

... (20/01/1930) ... new deal ... 'Memorandum to European Market' ... (for) ... the problem of world domination ... "agreed to act as a unit" ... (for) ... control ... production the mining areas ... and ... the distribution of markets consumers in the areas ... ... ...

The 'Cartel' ... no longer a simple agreement or a kind of ideal entity to become a real life body with authorities ... ... (made up) ... and ... (his) ... roles were the global application of principles 'as-is' ... ... the great expansion began to become holding companies and intermediary companies, involving perfectly planned ... so wove the intricate mesh of relationships that has s example ... In oil exploitation in the Middle East.

FINAL SET

... 1934 ... His object was subjected to uncontrolled producers ... (in) ... the local markets ... with the 'cut price' that could make those companies outside the conventions ... To ... (fix e) ... involve these 'uncontrolled' within the 'signs' local, in ... (06.1934) ... a new agreement ... 'Draft Memorandum of Principles' that ... (gave) the principles 'as-is' the nature of nature rules comprehensive and lasting ...

{And yet there are those who pretend to doubt, if the coup of '30 did or did not smell of oil!}

...

With this final adjustment, ... remove or neutralize 'the moths of the market "... {} YPF for example, the' cartel '... (consolidated ) ... its dominance in the global market. No other 'cartel' in any financial or industrial activity took the capitalist power and profits of the "oil cartel." No other involved ... (in) their action so many vested interests, that the same could push the world economy giants that government. Energy is the basis of all global activity and the controlled ... ... as a monopoly and perfect agreement, seven large companies, five of ... (USA) and two English ... a new division of the world ... since then and nothing has changed.

...

THE WORLD DOMINO

... (with) ... ... Achanacarry Convention (1928) ... and through ... three ... development tools, had reached an international agreement ... ...

{affecting all included - and especially - the non-signatories and / or excluded}

... the global and lasting effect principles "as-is" ... (claimed) ... a total domination ... (worldwide) ...

... ... the performance of any ... (member) ... the 'Cartel' was independent ... but ... well planned and coordinated. Even in Argentina. The sales figures of these companies were not ... resulting from the competition ... each company had lost its autonomy ... and had become a mere agent of a superior being ... ... and that was governed from London or New York ... { either eliminating all competition} ... ... the 'Cartel' possessed 82.10% of the extracted ... and 77.70% of refining capacity outside ... (USA) ... the undisputed monopoly of the oil industry ...

{This last figure on the ability refining gives us the importance of the distillery of La Plata, inaugurated by YPF, which at that time was the fourth in the world.

All

... ... most particularly the international oil market. Argentina was not an exception in that market ...

GROUP "AS-IS" IN ARGENTINA

The two ombudsmen from the 'Cartel' ... in ... Argentina ... in the beginning and before ... Achanacarry agreement, subsidiaries of the 'Standard' ... and 'Royal Dutch Shell', which then acted independently ... (as) 'West Indian Oil Co.' - 'WICO'-... (' Standard ') ... (and) ...' Cía. Energine the Jets' ... (Royal) ... most of the gasoline imported ... ... In 1929 installed directly 'Argentina Shell Mex Ltd.' and ... 'Shell Mex SA de Navigation' ... (the same directory 'Energine') ... by all ... transport operations (English) ... When ... Achanacarry ... (1928) ... (and) the principles of "As-is" in ... Argentina's formed companies ... (British and U.S.) ... to ... before ... had been devoted to hoarding of concessions and searches and the concentration of business ... ... (initially) independent ... ... the companies apparently retained its independence ...

PRE-CONCENTRATION

... 'Standard' operates ... through 'Lubricantina', 'Galena Signal 'and' overseas '... His areas of operations and concessions ... searches were ... Plaza Huincul (Neuquén) and Salta ... ... The British group was installed, with all privileges in Comodoro Rivadavia ... (through) to ...' Oil Transportation '' Cía. Argentina de Comodoro Rivadavia ',' Astra ',' Tiara 'and' Cía. General de Combustibles. "

'Astra' was merged ... with the 'Cía. East ', the' Cía Argentina de Comodoro Rivadavia "... with the 'Railroad Argentina Oil '...' Diadema Argentina 'covers ...' Brilliant ',' Pearl ',' Rubi 'and' Torch Argentina '...

... The prior existence of that base of support on which ... (is) supported ... the 'Cartel' ... is sin originates from Argentina's oil policy ... within that policy there was an interlude of the general national trend ... ... ... Mosconi this interlude ended, coincidentally, with the agreement Achanacarry ... ... (1928) ...

MARKET Petrolera Argentina - 1921/1935

... 1921/1935 ... prevailing position of YPF. in extraction - 74% to 26% of companies - 1926/1930 ... ... YPF. production rises 86.4% ... ... Mosconi started the price war and reduce the price of ... ($ 0.29) ... in 1924 ... ($ 0.30) ... 1930 ... local gasoline production was done at less cost than imported naphtha ... ...

Mosconi

but disappeared from the stage ... {e Hipólito Yrigoyen and the government of the UCR. Uriburu coup of '30 and by} ... and came ... with vigorously Achanacarry agreement ... in a market where there was a 'loose cannon' ... YPF.

The ... agreement required the parties to respect the situation that everyone had ... in 1928 ...

... the 'Cartel' was distributed in installments ... all the oil available to keep ... ( la) ... situation in each market so that an imbalance in ... Argentina ... (affected) ... other geographical areas ...

1931/1935

... position ... YPF. visibly deteriorated ... lost the pace of growth ... (catching) ... lost ... positions in the supply ...

This was the scene ... (oil) ... when he signed the Roca-Runciman Pact and ... agreed to a deal benevolent foreign capital ... again ... as in meat, transport, utilities, loans and currency ... (USA) and the English left arm to better secure Argentina's economy to their particular interests .

...

THE BEGINNING OF A PLAN

..., 1936 ... (minister) ... Agriculture ... of which depended ... YPF. ... Miguel Angel Carcano ... (that) ... as deputy had defended the Roca-Runciman Pact ... (for) ... "the senselessness of fighting with England our best client and friend "... (would prevail), in all its glory," the lenient treatment "to foreign capital ... (Decree) 82 162 ... (create) a Special Committee ... on the best scheme to ensure the effectiveness of ... oil wealth and progress of public organizations that exploit ... "in the competition ... (En) based on price increases and fight prejudice ... in ... (other companies) ... or jeopardize the progress of ... (YPF.) ... within the tolerable limits of commercial competition "... strange that ... cuss openly about benefits of competition and introduced the State ... as a market regulator controller and ...

82162

That decree was a sequel to 'Draft Memorandum' and the Special Committee to negotiate a bridge ... ... (with) companies ... the 'Cartel' ... (the) "As-is."

• (Solving) ... late ... (on) ... or punishing tax reserves its reduction ... ... ... settlement ... facilitating foreign exploitation ...
• (recognition) ... under the pretext of private ownership of land concessions individuals included in the reserves, when the property does not, legally, no right ... (the) ground.
• omitted the passage of a clear and precise legislation that would protect ... (oil) ... ... to the national awards and searches hoarding and concentration ... in ... non-national firms.
• (delayed) ... (15) years to be a national company for the operation ... of Comodoro Rivadavia and Plaza Huincul and ... (allowing) their reserves are lower than they had in their capitals around the exterior.
• (acknowledge and agree) ... legal personality to corporations that were mere subsidiaries of foreign oil companies, with ... (10) ... years before the personality of YPF ...
• (consent) the uncontrolled exploitation ... (by) ... ... companies (foreign) ... handled on a whim that the import of petroleum and its derivatives.

undisguised

... was ... the ... plan had been hatched to ... (effectuate) ... the 'lenient treatment' ... Roca-Runciman Pact.

DECREE N º 86639

...

... the report was of a generally amazing and ... was sustained by a rhetoric of circumstances ... but I had to abhor ... thirty ... years of advocacy of private enterprise ... reigns ... inconsistency of the decree n º 82162 and ... the same underhanded intention using the popular feeling to disguise the fraud antitrust ...

... Decree n º 86639 arbitrating as a solution to everything ... to prohibit the import or export ... and allow ... (YPF.), exclusively for ... (a ) ... future such activities in quarterly installments that the proposal would set the PE, ... the government attributed the unfair competition ... to import, when the five had declined and in fact the problem ... (originated from) ... increased individual withdrawals ... (by) ... positions of privilege that ... (they) ... aliens (the) ... country ... view of the danger of trustificación no action was taken ... no ... (if applicable) ... ... existing repressive laws (in addition) exclusive ... (of) ... YPF to handle the import ... ( meant only) ... ... YPF administration for its ability ... (refining) ... for their customers ... not ... (could) ... use ... the entire import ... only put it in their power to justify, officially, that ... (YPF) ... enter into negotiations with private companies ... (neatly) presented ... as trustificado foreign capital and was forced to use ... (to) ... ...

Argentine government ...

... despite the alarmist appearance of the decree, everything was like before ... private companies are not detracted from sales or customer ... nor ... oversaw ... (the) local mining and ... ... marketing to their own ... (if any) ... the need ... (agree) ... (distribution) ... imported oil.

...

British companies specialized in importing and trading of fuel oil received benevolent treatment which involved the only requirement to register in a register.

...

... all the subterfuge is exposed, the decree n º 86639 had only one purpose: to allow private companies to take the arm to 'uncontrolled' YPF., To ... a general agreement left on the carpet ... of " Draft Memorandum of Principles "... framing the activities of YPF in the convenience of the 'Cartel' ...

... diplomatic intervention is added ... the term of registration ... (importers) ... (Was) ... very critical time, the embassy ... (USA) managed to ... Foreign Affairs officially the extension of time ... (that) ... it was agreed to and consulted companies ... with no constraints to their cities and waited for instructions from Committee Central London ... why not register right away? Were they not Argentine corporations?. And then what diplomatic intervention ...?

THE PROVISIONAL AGREEMENT

... (8/29/1936) ... forty days ... (then) ... the Decree No. 86639, all companies ... operating in the country signed an agreement ... ..

this Interim Agreement

... ... (and) ... the principles of "As-is" ... (show) ... a strange and remarkable similarity ... in the process of holding the 'uncontrolled' local ... deleted ... (completely) ... the ... competition, recognized and respected the clientele of each participant in ... (each) ... ... area, stabilizing sales quotas ... and thus ... the selling price; suppressed all sales promotion spending to freeze the salaries of resellers ; ... holding its customers to 'a Brand '..., was created a Court - completely extralegal - and above existing laws ... the likeness of the Tribunals or Committees "As-is" ... (of) ... London and New York ... a true Trust, with your letter ... constitution ... (and) ... in which YPF ... was in the minority.

GOVERNMENT CONFIRMS THE TRUST

Two days later ... ... (of) ... Interim Agreement, the Executive was approved by Decree n º 89379 ... (8/31/1936) ... ... adding to the instructions ... ... a definitive agreement ... ... equitable behold ... the market ...

This decree was inspired ... ... Achanacarry faithfully ... (but) ... instead of concrete a 'Cartel' particular ... now ... State ... ... a Trust sponsored by violating the laws of the country. This position blatant and accomplice, is a fact unprecedented in the history of Argentine law was to suppress your bone ... 'fruitless struggle' ... "which hurt the consumer" ... the struggle ... (characterized by competition = lower prices disappearing) ... not explain how the lower prices could harm ... (to) ... consumer ... was intended to consolidate those companies removing all competition trustificadas ... ... (to) encourage the equitable sharing of market and price support customer ... suppress their right to self ... {unified market, with no alternative options} ... (recognizing that ) ... the State ... (remember) the legal right to appoint agents ... is the same thing ... these companies recognize extraterritorial rights ... ...

THE FINAL AGREEMENT

... (09.29.1036 and 19.12.1936 are signed) ... these were approved Definitive Agreements by the Executive Power decree No. 99693 ... ... (02/15/1937).

... the positions of the signatories were ... (determined by) the sales ... (of) ... 1935 ... (the) ... sales quotas were reduced strictly on gasoline ...

... the measure was not be modified without the consent of the parties ... YPF could not increase their technical capacity development without the permission of the great ... technical expansion YPF - in times of Mosconi aggressive containing nationality - is subject ... even prior agreement members 'Cartel' ... {Eliminated competition and individual initiative ...} ...

REDUCTIONS TO RETAILERS

... important ... was the administration of subsidies which were assigned to resellers ...

... ... (1935) ... the bonus ... (was) ... of $ 0.035 per liter of gasoline ... ... was reduced to a penny and a half ... the difference ... (and) ... the concept ... (was a reduction between 1936 and 1940) ... $ 120,654,040, which is stole ... (a) resellers in the sales only items (gasoline) ... (Was "to organize the market")

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRICE FOB.

Decree No. 86639 ... (was a) ... YPF management of imports ... then the decree n º 89379 ordered ... the equitable distribution of the market ... (and) ... the need to sustain price ...

..., national extraction was done at less cost than the international price FOB the port of Houston ... (Texas) ... for domestic oil was not charged with phantom freight between the Persian Gulf the Caribbean. For ... (it) ... Mosconi, who worked with national values, could cut prices and compete with foreign firms was supplied ... the international import fob ...

... in 1936 (YPF) ... to agree with the 'Cartel' ... Independence lost ... instead of price (cost) national opted by the international price (with ghosts costs) ... on international FOB value ... are adding a phantom freight, plus freight from Houston to the Rio de la Plata ...

{

and added an international freight cost already in the country to the place of consumption and but there was no national price by region}

... Since then all decrees that fixed prices were calculated on the international price.

... ... the introduction of the FOB price ... as the standard for prices ... (internal) ... contributed a profit on the domestic mining companies (through various maneuvers) established the price YPF, as well as resellers are limit their profits.

other consequences

... ... (to implement the FOB value) ... was the incidence ... (about) ... costs industry and the cost of living ... (locked) ... industrial development and decreased their ability to compete with imported goods ... (USA) and the Northern industry was driven by fuel itself and the 'Draft Memorandum '... (set) ... states that the principles "As-is" had no application to ... (USA) ...

... in (U.S.) with the actual fuel cost ... national governing the policy that was implemented in Argentina ... (Yrigoyen y) ... ...

Mosconi

PARALLEL INTERNATIONAL POSTER

... ... in 1932 ... Argentina was 'uncontrolled' ... (proper to apply) ... the ... 'Heads Distribution Agreement for' ... (Article 1 º): "Principles" as-is "must paramount in all countries, except for ... (USA) "... was ... the starting point for our country to hold 'Cartel' ... ...

Finally the dome of this whole system was Oil Arbitral Tribunal with legal and extralegal authority ... any commercial and criminal litigation as drew from his strong specific and ... (was) ... an incompetent jurisdiction and unconstitutional ... this resource could sustain a system accomplice trustificado perfectly in every detail, even though there antitrust laws in the country ... was a direct result ... of lenient treatment ... Roca-Runciman Pact ...

COURT ARGENTINE OIL "?

... (was) ... created to approve these agreements the Executive Decree No. 99693 on their functions were purely and simply the application of principles you "as-is."

...

A MOSCONI ROB THE OIL

... (some people have argued that) ... the political conventions ... was ... (it) ... only to assure the progress and survival of ... (YPF). Nothing is more fallacious ... Conventions achieved ... ... capitalize on the advantages gained unfair competition in a ... ... act as trust despite the antitrust laws ... profoundly alter the sense of nationalism ... (of) ... Mosconi ... by (lo) ... completely opposite ... and ... stop ... a petroleum regime that threatened and Mexico ... eradication detonate foreign companies ... ... getting the secure stability and permanence in the future. In the future, who survives.

... ... ... eight years in the administration ... (of) ... Mosconi was able to stop delivery and total ... 250% incrementaren fiscal activity, exceeding the preponderance ... ... (until then) ... they had ... in English capital sales and ... (USA) ... (with the price war is) ... asserts the 'national cost' to the international price ... ...

... After the fall of the Hipólito Yrigoyen Republic was involved clouds. Capitulated to the Roca-Runciman Pact gave its agriculture and its currency and ... well ... oil.

... The 'Cartel' ... moved their FOB price to our domestic market, disappeared ... the national cost and prices are governed by import prices.

... ... then someone invented the need to expedite the processing of oil extraction ... since 1955 ... the heyday of the era of the "Contract" ... it was a repetition of the same tactics ... the tree obscures the forest. Today and always the problem of self-sufficiency is that the basement ... it is non-transferable property of the nation ... the bottom line is to meet the needs of the homeowner and not-national capital ... no ... just talking about expropriation expiry of the concessions that have more than ten years agreed, in technically that term got its revenue and capital facilities are paid off ... no need to 'scan contract' that ... only serve as a smokescreen to make people forget ... (which) ... behind them ... (are) ... firms the 'Cartel' ... comfortably settled in our land ...

A CONFESSION FROM

The report of the 'Federal Trade Commission' ...: "The application by the 'Standard' ... and 'Shell Mex" principles "as-is" in Argentina was complicated by the existence of ... (YPF) ... until 1936 ... YPF ... (up) ... I inspections on profits on the sale of gasoline ... the group "As-is" did in the market ... heavy products, until 1937 the share s of the established sales ... the most important international companies according to the principles of "As-is" and on the basis of the shares they had in sales and 'base period' of 1928.

... (01/01/1936) ... the distribution of shares was subject to a general review

(DIMENSIONS TO PARAGRAPH)

The report ... (said) ... the obstacle that ... (it was ) ... ... YPF (recognizes) that since its signing in 1928 the principles Achanacarry "As-is" application in the country had to split the sales ... between the two big companies ... (signatories of the agreement) ... to 1937, the market had ... 'uncontrolled' YPF ... ... (this) was losing out to the group "As-is" in sales of gasoline, but remained substantial profits ... in the market for heavy products.

... (01/01/1936) ... the 'Cartel' made an adjustment of fees ... ... Executive Power decree No. 82162 appointed the Special Committee ... the signing of agreements in 1936 meant ... the incorporation of YPF to "As -is "...

SOURCE

Juan Carlos Vedoya

Everything is History

No. 84, May 1974

Diamond Vs Steel Sharpening Steel

THE NATURALIZATION OF OIL

{seem only memories, old memories However, I propose to substitute oil for gold and glaciers 'Standard Oil' and 'Royal Dutch Shell' to 'Barrick Gold' and see that they are not memories, all recovered now ... but today there Yrigoyen and Mosconi?}

Alvear

The government ... (was) ... a warm, blustery afternoon between national reconstruction Yrigoyenist first period, and the wreck of our primary export economy ... (and) ... a military coup in 1930 ... (and put) on the table ... public debate, the various projects to politicians and ideologues who aspired to make a certain model of country ... ...

Oil ... (was) ... the touchstone of all essential ... economic emancipation process and industrial states modern. It says ... the anxiety of the great imperialist possessory committed served ... (oil) ... for their own development and this hungry predators resulted in the formation of powerful multinational corporations dropped to exploitation and hoarding of oil and its derivatives ... insinuating and inter-imperialist struggle for the possession of large

deposits ...

OIL HISTORY OF OUR ORGANIZATION

{is valid doubt the tradition that the oil was found by chance when the water was being sought, the facts above and beyond, plus many unanswered questions answers - at least at the level of 'simple interest' - Doubt it}

... 1910 ... President Saenz Pena created the General Directorate of Petroleum Operations ... The lack of a specific legal framework governing initial efforts made by the Mining Code, until the advent of Yrigoyen who put these activities under the direct authority of the Minister of Agriculture ... Yrigoyen unsuccessfully proposed to Congress ...:

a) The issuance of resources trying to intensify the exploitation ... (12/11/1919);

b) a legal system and forms exploration and exploitation ... "mine oil are private property of the Nation. The ... (PE) may explore or exploit them directly, or individuals interested ... ... (23/09/1919);

c) a draft administrative organization ... (YPF) ... (9/26/1919) and I repeat ... these issues ... ( 20/07/1921).

..., to the insensitivity of Congress, established by decree of the ... (06/03/1922) ... DG YPF ... (01/08/1917 Members Rodolfo Moreno and Carlos F. Melo had) ... a hearty draft nationalization of the mines, petroleum, iron and coal, and expropriation those granted to individuals in the same year ... ... ... Horacio Oyhanarte warned against joint ventures and the dangers of the 'Standard' ... everything was unsuccessful.

... ... (10/16/1922) Mosconi by the direction of YPF.

... MOSCONI IN YPF

action ... (of) ... Mosconi ... made this small oil administration, a powerful state-owned company in line with the best in the world. Prompted exploration in the South, North and Cuyo; ...

(ADMINISTRATION MOSCONI BY THE NUMBERS)

Production Capital Net Profits

Mts. Cubic - $ - - $ -

1922-348888-1829269-61969912-

1924 - 553921-83030477

-1925-5371866-

1926 - 743,825-110,200. 562 -

1928-860604-15000000-166291826-

BUDGETARY RESOURCES

$ 21,599,954-1923-

$ 57,680,000

1925 $ 74,366,502-1928

... promoted the construction of the Silver ... Distillery started in 1923 and opened ... the ... (23/12/1925), the electrification of Comodoro Rivadavia, the creation of a fleet Ship-tanks ...

... enlisted the help of loyalists ... General ... ... Alfonso Baldrich and two governors honest Salta, Adolfo Guemes and Julio Cornejo.

The struggle to defend the oil-consuming Salta ... concessions given by previous governments to the 'Standard Oil Co. ' It reached its most dynamic ... (as) ... the governor Guemes, in September 1923 ... had rejected a proposal by Senators Master Robustiano Uriburu Francisco Costa gave 90 000-ha ... (a) ... the 'Standard' ... (Mosconi ) ...: "... the Northern region, which was being gradually and persistently monopolized by the trusts ..." ... (12/12/1924) ... the 'Standard' ... (processed) concessions by the provincial legislature, Guemes ordered the suspension of all concessions and declared a reserve ... (the province) ... "the problem affects pointed ... directly the overall economy and even national security. "

... (Güemes requested) ... ... technical YPF Alvear ... from there ... the mission entrusted to Salta and Jujuy ... Mosconi, who ... (uncovered) ... the operational rules of imperialism: "the penetration smiling , consolidating the opposition carefully and insolent "unfortunately ... Güemes ... (it happened) ... the Governor Joaquin Corbalan in 1925.

{What happened mines?}

... man of the oligarchy villager ... (Antartica) ... restarted the concession policy, delivered over 30 to front for the 'Standard' and ... (rejected) ... an agreement ... (with) ... not arguing YPF was a legal person and the state could not exploit mining properties, according to the Mining Code. It brought out federalism, centralism ... was accused of wanting to seize Buenos Aires ... from ... (oil) ... as granted concessions to the 'Standard' in exchange for royalties ...

tiny

This position ... was repaired by the government ... ... (of) ... Julio Cornejo in 1928 ... (16/07/1928) ... ordered the revocation of the permits granted to private companies and repealed the previous ... (15/10/1929) ... extended the Effective tax oil reserves ... (04/26/1930) ... finished with abuse allegations at single outcrops mine. This earned him a notorious trial in the Court of the Nation, the province defended by ... Silvio Bonardi and 'Standard' ... by ... Romulo S. Naón.

... The armed opposition groups were YPF well characterized ... (by) ... ... maneuvers in the North to be an oil unit in Bolivia, ... the 'Standard' ... of American trusts ... (of) ... John D. Rockefeller, who sold the gasoline 'Wico', with subsidiaries such as 'West Indian Oil Co.' And other children. The Anglo-Dutch group of the 'Royal Dutch Shell' founded by Sir Henry Deterging, marketed gasoline 'Energine' had among its subsidiaries a. "Diadema Argentina 'and operated in Patagonia ... (also was) ...' Astra '... (controlled by) ... Bunge and Born, Bemberg y Cia., Dodero Brothers and other ... (they had) ... ties with the 'West Indian Oil Company. "

... ... the Executive Branch proposed ... the ... (15/09/1923) ... reforms to the Mining Code and regulations for concessions. Claimed national ownership, repealing the prohibitions on the State to exploit mines, securing control over the exploration and the ability to make the permits expire. It also projected a large distillery ... and ... special resources were never voted in the House.

... had to deal with orders in 1924 to regulate the mining procedures and encourage the exploration ... reserves were decreed in 1925 ... (in) ... the territory of Misiones, Chaco and Formosa, to expand ... (in 11/1926 and 07/1927) ...

E

THE STRUGGLE FOR WORLD DOMAIN, THE OIL

international

... The fact ... (was) ... the inter-imperialist struggle to dominate or divide up the world's petroleum basins ...

action ... in English monopolies 'Shell' and American 'Esso', had with economic and political support of their governments ...

That ... conjunction'Standard state '... (culminated) ... Coolidge's presidency, when creating the ... (12/19/1924) Federal Directory for the Conservation of Oil ... The study ... (the) ... stocks, control domestic production, future calculations ...

{Note that the Directorate General of YPF was created in 1922}

... The ... (31/12/1925) ... ... Pueyrredón warned the ambassador from Washington, ... "call attention to the danger they are exposed ... (the) ... country if no measures are taken from and conjure it. At the moment ... seems remote because it is exploited on a large scale, or Argentine oil exports. But if we hope may be too late ... and ... then hitting acquired rights under the laws that granted it. "

... (in the same way) ... the Latin American Union ... Engineers ... Palacios Ugarte ... ... del Mazo, ...

... (in a ceremony in Paris) ... two thousand students spoke Latin ... Miguel de Unamuno, ... José Vasconcellos (Mexican), Haya de la Torre ... (Peru), ... Quijano (Uruguay), ... Asturias (Guatemala), Engineer and Ugarte ...

The Union petitioned the Congress to nationalize oil, "considering that is one of the most effective means of ensuring the independence ... economy of the Latin American republics against foreign capital. "

... (for) ... tend to the "spiritual unity, economic and political" of America ... America was founded in May 1927, Continental alliance ... (Orzabal Quintana, Sanchez Viamonte, Aguirre Celiz, Guglielmini, Ordaz, of Mojardin, Lebensohn) ... supported by ... Mosconi and Baldrich, ... (had) ... the purpose ... create a climate conducive to the nationalization of oil ...

In the political order created the National Board for the Defense of Petroleum ... (López Ferrota, Monteagudo, Gil Navarro, the University Committee Radical: Jauretche, Menica, Country, Manzioni - Homero Manzi - Barro, May Zuviria, Guardo) ...

the nationalization of oil and the Argentine Congress

... Senate ... continued ... her ... (Attitude) ... hostile to Yrigoyenism ... (that) ... Only four senators have reached ... (against) ... twelve mines, nine Conservative and two Socialists. Deputies In ... most were Yrigoyenist.

(PARK AUTOMOTIVE AND MARKETING)

sales ... YPF (gasoline in liters) ...:

3,026,100 to 1923

5,941,500 to 1925

72,190,900 to 1927

{sic. Audited figures in text}

... The ... (increase) ... over the 300,000-cars-trucks and 90,000 ... no ... (could) ... to be fully supplied by YPF oil imports ... ... (in tonnes)

970,000 to 1923 837,000

- 1925

1,368,000 to 1927

railway industries, electrical, manufacturing ..., needed import by foreign firms with exclusive benefits for them ... the price of gasoline was set according to orders received from abroad and according to international fluctuations, not being uniform throughout the territory ... The sale by the liter ranged between $ 0.24 and $ 0.34 cents., according to ... (shipping costs) ...

... Argentina ... with ... (his) ... economy driven by foreign investment in the control of international trade, agricultural production, landlord, and the median industry ... (with) ... more than $ 7000 million ... (with) ... ... the following sources: $ 4,380 million (England), $ 1,380 million (U.S.) , $ 970 million (France) and $ 860 million (Germany) ...

... Deputies embarked on the treatment ... July-September 1927 ... ... Yrigoyenist Members (as framed) ... ... in two aspects: to consider oil as a private good of the nation and give its holding exclusively to the National ... propositions Yrigoyenism late ... ( submitted) ... the (08/03/1927) ...: nationalization of the mines, exploration, exploitation and annexes means of sea transport, land and river sole responsibility of the State; expropriation of concessions given to individuals by the nation or the provinces; ban oil exports.

...

Throughout countless sessions ... (En) ... ... August and September, the debate offered a clear differentiation of positions ... ... ... lawmakers (Yrigoyenism) ... showed a great revolutionary vocation ... against those who argued the progress ... on the constitutional and federal law of the provinces, and also an updated knowledge of international issues ... (the Yrigoyenism) ... to the thrust of imperialism in its quest to conquer markets and exploit the natural resources of underdeveloped countries.

... ... Giuffra Rep. ... (showed) ... the constitutionality ... (Of) ... nationalization and justified by public law, ... as being consistent with the Mining Code ... ... (and) ... with the federal system ... ... Gonzalez Zimmerman deputy confronted the criteria ... (of) ... underestimate the role State administrator and businessman ...

... (for) ... having the ability to ... (go) ... ... the project ahead of nationalization, was obtained ... the constitution of the House in permanent session ... shared the view ... of Yrigoyenism , the independent bloc ... De Tomasso Bunge and ... ... and the conservative opposition, mines and traditional socialist ... the Julio C. Mendoza Raffo of Reta ..., Calvo, Meabe and Moreno. Usandivaras ... ...:

"Opening the doors to foreign capital, to come full force representing various nations of the world, they will contribute to national defense, to look after their own interests have to take care of our joint solidarity for identical aspirations. "

Dickam

Socialism ..." The State is a bad owner, the state is an industrial worse, the state is a bad trader "... (And) ... Repetto: "This monopoly of the native Argentine oil trade seeks attributed oil and derivatives would be a fantastic work which may lead to worse consequences."

... (Antipersonalist) ... Alcorta ... , adhered to the principle of joint exploitation but against nationalization, arguing that the House has no constitutional power of Congress to change the constitutional system ... (it was) ... fragile federalism argument likely to make pacts self ... (provincial) ... with foreign companies ...

... (23/09/1927) ... the project was favorable penalty by 65 votes to 55 ... the subject ... the expropriation of concessions had to be postponed ...

... ... a new version of the project ... "the study, exploration and ... exploitation of deposits and the transport monopoly, will be responsible for an autonomous ... (the) Address Oilfield Produces the Nation "... (with) ... ... powers to regulate domestic marketing, pricing Sales of oil and its derivatives, and the acquisition of all means of transport.

EMINENT DOMAIN FOR PRIVATE OIL CONCESSIONS

... (with) the law of 1927 ... The no expropriation of deposits was granted to private companies ... (and) ... the most Yrigoyenist lean in the House, and the withdrawal of support to the thesis independent socialist expropriation ...

given the option of getting the nationalization as a principle, or not, the sacrifice that part ... Yrigoyenism

... after crushing victories April 1928 ... the ... Yrigoyen reelection in a "referendum" until then unparalleled in the country ... ... 91 parliamentary representation to 36 conservative deputies Yrigoyenist, 15 mines, 10 of ... (the) ... socialism and 6 provincial parties.

... ... meeting ... (07/26/1928) ... reproduced ... takings clause: "hereby declared a public utility of all farms, sources and reservoirs of oil and gas hydrocarbons are in the basement or that escape the earth's surface ... and also the accessories of such mines, referred to Article 12 of the Mining Code, which had been granted to individuals by the national government or provincial governments, ..., carrying the Executive to its expropriation in accordance with legal provisions in force. "

understand

{ that the author overstates the importance of achievement, and it was only half the battle, but served to patenting the positions of each other.}

... in the debate ..., 1928 ... (shows) ... the expropriation position Yrigoyenist block ... against ... (conservative) ... landmines, Socialists and Independent Socialists ... (Which had supported) ... the formula Melo-Gallo, the "United Front."

... ... ... Saccone Rep. ... (Yrigoyenist) ... "Let's start with the oil will then refrigerators and railways. We must not internationalist nationalist politics. We socialize a public good. We are quasi-socialist regime with oil ... "

The preferred socialism ... ... ... sorry for the legal uncertainty condemning foreign investment, stating that" nowhere in the State's industrial world oil "... and ... (advising a monopoly on the snuff, if it was nationalized).

... ... filibuster frustrated ... was passed ... (the) ... (09/17/1928) ... Added a second article authorizes the Executive ... "to declare the forfeiture of prospecting concessions. The National State in the exploration or exploitation of such property, shall enjoy all rights accorded by the Mining Code to the holders of concessions. "

... The vote in the affirmative, 79 members ... On the negative, 17 MPs ...

... (but) ... not reached the state monopoly on oil imports and the sale of gasoline, derivatives and products ...

... ... The major newspapers predicted the political interference in YPF, the waste demagogic nationalism exaltations sensational. "The Nation" ... (holding) ... the law unconstitutional, and ... (others) ... and protested on behalf of provincial rights violated ... ...

The Senate never deign to consider the penalty ... (of Representatives) ...

... I had warned him with a quizzical one of the members of the regime, opposition in the debate of 1927 ... "The law takes lead in the womb - said three years before September 06 - and has just been designed to posterity, to the file, and history "...

SOURCE

Luis C. Lascano Alén

"Everything is history

No. 90, November 1974

Milena‏ ‏‎ Milk

yourself, and HELP, DEFENTEDE

Toy Chest Build Instructions

NATIONAL CONSTITUTION - ARTICLE 14 BIS




National Constitution Article 14 bis:

"Work in its different forms shall enjoy the protection of the laws that ensure to workers: dignified and equitable working, time limited, paid rest and vacations, fair pay, and Mobile Living Wage, equal remuneration for equal work, participation in the profits of enterprises, with control of production and collaboration in the management, protection against arbitrary dismissal, stability of public employment; FREE TRADE UNIONS AND DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATION recognized by the mere registration in official records.
unions is guaranteed to enter into collective bargaining agreements, recourse to conciliation and arbitration, the right to strike.
Union representatives shall have the guarantees necessary for the fulfillment of their union and those related to job stability.
The State shall grant the benefits of Social Security, which shall be an integral and indispensable. In particular, the law shall establish: compulsory social insurance, which will be undertaken by national or provincial entities with financial and economic autonomy, ADMINISTERED By the parties concerned
state involvement, without any overlapping of contributions; RETIREMENT AND PENSION
MOBILE, comprehensive protection of the family, the defense of the homestead, family allowances and access to decent housing.
☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺

Roller Coaster Tycoon 3 Platinum- Runtime Error

alas, DO SO BE SO BAD GOOD SERVANT LORD!

alas, SO WHY BE SO BAD GOOD SERVANT LORD!

December 29, 1958, the president announced a plan Frondizi stabilization and rationalization of the economy, "COMPLAINT? And / or recognize that, had withdrawn from the pension fund $ 55,000-million m / n between 1946 and 1958.

spent several decades and in the last century, boxes empty, exhausted to the insolvency and was solved: The provinces ceded 15% of the partnership to be addressed. So the situation was, provincial and national government solidarity with the obligation to be loyal and responsible administrator.

But it was more on the pretext of promoting employment, was granted a substantial reduction in employer contributions and work in the black ... grew and grew ... and grew ... lost twice.

was not enough, and under the pretext of creating a capital market "Crane" AFJP. The earning for lending money that was not yet charged them fat commissions from the true owners. Was quite

?..., NO! to finish in five years increased the retirement age!



And opposite Solita his soul, in opposition Norma Pla, who remembers Mrs. Norma?

XXI Century threats did not start off better salaries, pension cuts and labor reforms. Reaching

currently AFJP disappear, but fall on ANSES, multiple, strange and alien loads.

And if something was missing in pre-election times, retirees who are "electoral spoils." This is proposed: minimum pension equivalent to 82% of minimum wage and mobile, and in some cases without specifying the form of funding, rather than by other routes being considered infinite sources of funding. And the veto. What

Article 14 bis? Everyone should read it. And so we

: current retirees and future retirees (all) ... the will? ... some say it's difficult. And so we

... sufferer people, good people, hard-working - if allowed -

And so we are ... all alone. Julio Argentino Irrazabal


LE. 8152370
jairrazabal@hotmail.com

Sports Athlete Camel Toe

MOSCONI, OIL AND TRUST THAT THE RETIRED

MOSCONI, OIL AND TRUST


colonial America was a painful and successful mining experience ... in principle the mines were the king, the European gave importance ... (I dedicate) ... seven titles in Book IV and laws ... 123 ... However, a notable omission, our ... (Constitution 1853) ... however the tradition ... (mine above), completely forgot about it ... {Remembering
aventurillas
mining / financial and Bernardino Rivadavia Famatina, which must be added to the constitution of 1826 ... etc.}

... Only in paragraph 1 of the Congress to "dictate the Mining Code, without setting ... provision rules of original subsurface wave property, or regulation ... about the ability of State for itself or according to other mining.

... spent seven decades before ... (sanction) the code ... It was only in 1866 (sic) ... Law No. 1919, approved the project ... (of) Enrique Rodriguez ... (where) ... Article 9: "The state does not can exploit or dispose of the mines but in the cases mentioned in this law "...

At that time, and at seven years was the 'Standard Oil ..." ... in full swing and the concentration of companies in the ... (EE . UU.) in the struggle for dominance over oil sources. Palpable encoder ignorance.

... when he jumped the jet in Comodoro Rivadavia oil ... that "arose out of all national security law" ... ... years passed, full of people taken advantage of shysters and traitors ... counterbalanced by a few national champions, General Enrique Mosconi ... (heads) the latter list ...

BACKGROUND OF ARGENTINA MINING

The existence of oil in ... Argentina ... (you know) ... I wish the second half of the century ... (XIX) ... in 1856 the legislature gave Jujuy a concession to the Company Jujeña of kerosene, up with a capital of $ F75.000-to exploit Lake La Brea ...

In Salta concession in 1880 was former Gov. Teofilo Sanchez de Bustamante ... in 1882, and Mendez had ... Algelt ... in 1906 ... Francisco Tobar, whose mine 'República Argentina "... was ... (later) ... acquired by ... (YPF) to thank her in 1927 could be introduced in the province and compete with the monopoly that held the" Standard ... "protected by the local government itself. This settlement of YPF, ... it was not easy and led to a lawsuit sounded in whose bodies, ..., lawyers Popular defending foreign interests. This preference of men of law, ..., has a tiresome repetition of economic history of the Republic ...

was the vision and perseverance ... (of) Mosconi, arguing that litigation unfalteringly subject to all kinds of pressures ... (allowed to) ... the fiscal institution able to intervene in the exploitation of oil formation in North ...

In Mendoza ... (before) 1880, and ... had ... Cacheuta technical studies and Uspallata ... in 1886 ... is ... (was) the Company Mendocina Petroleum, with a capital of two million pesos (m / n), which operates three wells in Aguas del Corral - Luján - by building a pipeline of 40 km to San Vicente - Godoy Cruz - ... and the foundations of pus first refinery technical projects. Until 1890 ... it produced 8000 tons of oil

... ... ... Company Neuquén Argentina-Uruguay Oil in Challacó, 25 km ... (the) first perforation of Plaza Huincul ... in 1907 ... (the company was purchased by) ... 'The Republic of SA. Oil Company 'of H. Sadi Jaime Bermejo boy ... Also Neuquén you work ... (of) ... Lannon ... (in) 1908 ... transferred to a foreign company ... 'Acme Oil Syndicate' ...

... 1908 ... started its activities' Argentine Oil Company 'of San Rafael linked ... to' Atuel Company Ltd. '... and' Gulf Oil Company of St. George '... in ... 1909.

No doubt ... that, well before the "discovery" of Comodoro Rivadavia, was not only known that there is enough oil ... (and) ... with forty years before had started its operation with national capitals ... so a question ... why such attempts failed? ... (Started to answer it) ... Osvaldo Magnasco deputy at the meeting ... ... (09/11/1891) ... denounced by British railway companies stop all mining work ... by the exorbitant freight rates ... "known position and ... it's urgent ... need ... the state to intervene in the formation of tariffs, unless you want to drown in his crib top industries "... Why so early freight intended drown oil production? ... the British ... (warned) ... competition ... (a) ... you could make future oil to coal Cardiff ... Argentina is a good market for that coal brought in ballast for the return of cereals and since 1880 was exempted by law Customs import duties ... especially taking into his hands the fuel consumption ... (nationwide), from the railways, gas plants and the Navy ... ... the government continued to make free hand to "freight policy" will be handled according to the British foreign interests ... and coal appear as factors that prevented and locked all possible development. And that in view of official inertia.

"official" discovery
OIL
The government's indifferent attitude apparently ... (gone) ... in 1907 ... He was running behind it was undeniable ... ... (50) years of indifference to national efforts to exploitation, which provided no support, encouragement and protection, ... on the contrary, they committed ... at ... (benefit) ... ... British coal interests ... and a date is added ... "on December 13, day oil "... Why not, the foundation day of the foundation, in 1865, the Company Jujeña of kerosene?

FIND SMALL

CHRONICLE ... The work was done on the grounds of the 'colony' Comodoro Rivadavia ... That is to say that those were tax concessions, subject to the "land law" ... have their importance later.

... The ... (13/12/1907) ... (to be announced) ... finding unexpected telegram to the General Directorate of Hydrology, Geology and Mines Ministry of Agriculture ... ESE SAME DAY THE DAILY NEWS ... transcended the NEXT DAY, JUST BEGINNING OFFICE HOURS ... A PARTICULAR PRESENTS ... THE FIRST APPLICATION OF CATE in Comodoro Rivadavia

... ... when the positions were defined in Comodoro Rivadavia, ALL PRIVATE PROPERTY were in English hands ... (and) from the first time ... (and lack of railroad rates) ... ... tried to surround the raids was possible ... because (it) ... Argentina ... enabled the legislation intended Cardiff coal, ..., controlling for their benefit Argentine oil production ...

THE FIRST BOOK in Comodoro Rivadavia

... The Executive was faced with the problem ... (the) ... ... Mining Code (him) ... (REQUIRED) TO GRANT ALL REQUESTS FOR CATE ... ... to be presented with the aggravating ... of) ... Article 17: "... MINES IS PROVIDED TO INDIVIDUALS indefinitely ..." more ... Article 9 º ... forbidden to "EXPLODE OR DISPOSAL OF MINE" ... lack of foresight and ignorance of economic conflicts worldwide, ... ... the Mining Code, despite the late approval hands and feet tied to the government to try to control any defense {...} ...

the first application submitted on ... (12/14/1907) ... to ... record 12.45hs 6366 - M - 907 center was in the place of discovery ... (included) ... two thousand acres ... Agriculture Minister, Peter Azcurra ... ... appealed to the Land Act No. 467 whose implementation could only be appealed before the Federal Court and the Supreme Court. This ploy was put into effect the same day ...

{and tradition says that the finding was accidental!}

... (with) a decree based on article 15 (Act 467) ... Article 1 (the decree), "prohibited the reporting of mining claims and granting of permits searches at the Port of Comodoro Rivadavia, Territory of Chubut, in a radius of 5 miles LF ( 100,000 hectares) any direction, counting from the center of town. "

This decree ... (was a) ... ... as the stalling trick executive could not ... amend the Mining Act by a simple decree and lay over it a new legal regime for petroleum ... The text was simply prohibitive administrative application ... It was ... the origin of a nationalization policy ... but a mere cessation of procedures ...



the exploratory stage ... the Ministry is dedicated to exploring the area, assessing the feasibility of the operation and its true importance ... is (found) yields very extraordinary productive and opened possibilities for further intensive farming ... (supposedly) ... official policy arise ... in what concerned the oil, and ... we will see, this policy does not differ at all with that applied in other sectors of national economy ... (that) ... as indispensable competition of foreign capital.

THE EXECUTIVE PROPOSES LAW RESERVE

... (2/9/1909) ... ... proposed by the executive branch (the Congress) ... (which) ... fijase a pool of four leagues square miles - within ... (of which ) ... not to grant mining rights or mining permits and searches; ... (destination) ... his farm to the state ... (and) ... requested ... an extraordinary credit of half a million dollars ... (for) ... expenses ... ... And although extraction seems absurd, then check ... - at the risk and cost of Status - The extent of the deposit wealth, a hundred thousand hectares of the reserve's decree ... (12/14/1907), is reduced, ..., A TEN THOUSAND ONLY.

... WHY IS ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND ACRES RESERVED ... When you ignore the importance of the site and having verified, THIS, this reduced the area of \u200b\u200bthe reserve to one tenth? ...

... with such pettiness that booking suspiciously like a disguised way of delivering almost all of the oil wing Commodore private operation and private ... ... (it was) synonymous with 'national' in s ... This Argentine content violent recoil start of betrayal ... was fully in evidence in the legislative debate.

DISCUSSION OF THE LAW NO 7059 IN THE SENATE

Being considered by the Senate ... Joaquín V. González (La Rioja) ... (did) ... his return to ... Commission ... (where) there was another office ... ... reducing the reserve ... (a) ... only five thousand hectares. Become the project ... (to) ... body ... Gonzalez ... (based) ... her ... (allegation in) ... the legal field ... (argued) that while the draft a special law, should be limited as much as possible ... the political and economic aspect ... It was a Latin American developing the 'Big Stick Policy' of ... Roosevelt and the consolidation of British colonial empire cannons were spent completely ignored (to JV Gonzalez). Sen. Mendoza, ... Villanueva was more explicit: "... the five thousand hectares are to produce enough for the needs of the Treasury, thus leaving PRIVATE FREE TO HOLDING oil that may remain in the territory."

... (who supported the book and rejected the said Villanueva González and headers) ... by Senator ... Alberto L. of Soldatti (Tucumán) ... then to refute one by one the arguments ... (proposed) the desirability of a proactive approach, so that did not happen ... something like what happened ... (with) ... the waste of public lands ... made emphasis on the incomprehensible, which is acceptable RESERVATION FOR FIVE THOUSAND TEN THOUSAND ACRES DECLINE IN BOTH THE INTENDED TO PRODUCTION ... ... RAILWAY NEEDS, WHICH WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO PREDICT FUTURE VOLUME JV González ... ... with a bad mood ... crudely outlined his thinking: " Why do individuals and foreign companies come to bring the contest ... of their wealth ... (to) ... country? To keep this quiet, inhibited what not how long!, So that only ... (it) ... the state operates as an evil INDUSTRIAL, because the state can not be explotante mines, wherever the evil has exploded concluded ... "... ... the theory to mismanagement, it was common place in the minds of the oligarchy and its greatest exponent ... ... Celman Juárez, with that argument sold the national railway to British capital, in their opinion ... ..." an excellent administrator " ...

{The issue of land has already been mentioned in the blog oil now, I hope, soon, to make a reference to the railways and meats}

... well ... you could add the works of Health ... sold in 1888 by Juarez Celman in ... (20) million - only claimed (14) - the 'Buenos Aires an Drainage Waters Supply Co. Ltd.' ... and then ... RESCUED by borrowing (34) million, in addition to the (30) which originally cost ... against ... (14) charged, is say, with the tale of good and bad private management of state, a net loss totaled $ 50 million ... ... in short ... the Republic ... (PAID) TWICE

works ... ... (back to the Senate, oil and Law 7059) ... twice the vote was tied ... (was decided) ... vote provisional president. This favored the ungrudgingly at five thousand acres and only five years ... He was interim vice president Benito Villanueva ... ... representing Córdoba Central Railway when the negotiated termination of the guarantees ... and also chairman of the refrigerator Argentine 'La Blanca 'and sold to the Americans in 1907 ... (after buying continued) ... the front of the establishment ... TAX BEGINNING
...
in Comodoro Rivadavia

... (by) ... ... 7059 ... Act (was) ... the Commission appointed by the Directorate General of Oil Exploitation of Comodoro Rivadavia. The engineers integrated Luis A. Huerta and ... Hermite, Dr. Arata and gentlemen ... ... ... Villate Villalonga.

(Roque Sáenz Peña was President and Minister of Agriculture Eleodoro Lobos) Recitals ... ... (of) ... decree (of creating the commission) deserve further comment ... they are a long list of possible future ... with national objectives, is ... (favored) a modification of machinery to replace imported coal for domestic oil and ... (free) ... of ... (the) ... ... reliance on fuel. That is, first proposed by import substitution and self-sufficiency ideal ... also ... (is) lists the Argentine petroleum horizons with a precision that seems contemporary ... (trying) ... encourage and propel the establishment of national extractive companies come ... to supply proper and comprehensive ... ...

automobiles and light fuel from

... the enactment of the 7059 Act to the creation of YPF. such as self-sufficient DISTRIBUTION headed by General Mosconi ... ... by the growing popularity of the internal combustion engine, ..., establishing a direct relationship between the proliferation of devices and the increased demand for oil.

... Argentina ... In 1910, the automobile was just a luxury of the aristocracy and their small number could not be a reason ... to amend the fuel demand by ... ... War ... started the first imported ... " Ford mustache. " This import from 1914 ... (and even 1919 represented) 33,000 units made in the period ... (valued at $ 10,764,569-gold) ... (and) ... In 1922 there were 68,563 ... {an increase of 207.76% over the park in 1919} ... with gasoline consumption ... of 300,000 tons per year ... (with) ... an average of 2,500 liters per unit ... the distillation of the naphtha ... (output light) ... left ... (including) ... a 60/75% of heavy residue ( fuel oil) ... (which) ... ... had no market in the country ... (and) the small market (taken over by English coal) for heavy fuel you ... (delayed) ... distillation intensive oil in the country, and made ... (most of) ... gasoline is ... (mind) ... (distilled in the country: 16.6%, imported: 83.4%).
...
BEGINNINGS OF THE REPUBLIC
oiling
Apart from the products 'light' ... in which time the coal began to feel the increasing use of the products 'heavy'?

(between 1912/1922), the coal-oil ratio, in use, was 79% coal and 21% oil. As for oil (21%) should differentiate between the imported (66%) and national and in national production distinguish the particular (6%) and attributable to tax (28%) ...

... (of) the numbers ... (come) ... clear conclusions: ... decrease ... (of) ... the import of coal ... (for the war ... was not completely substitute oil) ... the direct exploitation of domestic oil ... begins in 1915 and ... (to) ... 1922 Comodoro Rivadavia circumscribed

... Early in the decade of the 20 increased ... (parity) imports of coal and oil ... is ... (important) the steady increase in production oil tax.

... ... when the generator took over Mosconi YPF. (1922), yet domestic oil extraction by private companies ... no ... (was competition for imported coal and oil) ... foreign oil tripled the prosecutor, this ... shows a dependence on the outside with no ... (foreigners) national extraction ... this absence did not last. And the decline of fiscal extraction coincided with the Revolution of 1930.

... (from 1922) ... grow heavy consumption of products begins ... ... (the conflict) ... between coal and oil ... (is) ... who started the 'oiling the country' ... (this means the progress of U.S. and a shift in strategy by the English) ... quietly tested its defense ... protecting their railways from interference of oil, and ..., concentrating in their hands the highest number possible of mining properties in Argentina's most important oil field ...: Comodoro Rivadavia.

COAL, OIL AND RAIL

Creating YPF. as an autonomous body oiling due ... to the beginning ... fuels in ... ... at ... (start) ..., the railways did not have as consumers ... but they were a stumbling block to progress ... (YPF.) ... ... The British capital began in 1915 to exploit property not held in Comodoro Rivadavia ... no conversion in its railways to use oil in them ... to prevent U.S. involvement in a sector considered the traditional domain of s ... (using) the wood to complete Argentina ... ... (the) coal and prevent ... (United UU. was supplier) ... fuel oil for British Rail ...

{There is a scenario repeated, a set-English capitalism - capitalism resists (USA) who wants to aggressively enter the market - in this case Argentina -. Scenario that is repeated in the various fields of economics. Also, and not something less, the upper classes were enrolled in one or another of the capitalists and their fate was left to the people.}

... the main fuel for British Railways, in a half, at least, was Argentina firing ... (and was) ... the continued operation of the mills in Cordoba and Santiago del Estero - until the late 40 - ...

THE MINING PROPERTY AND FOREIGN POLICY

... Why England to ... (USA), took so long ... the exploitation of domestic oil? ... {

between 1907 and the beginning of the particular operation went different strategies, concrete ... what is reflected is reflected in figures, Neuquén, Chubut and Santa Cruz entre1910 to 1913 were granted 762 searches covering 213,237 hectares}

To judge this avalanche ... (be) ... note that searches become property when it is alleged the existence of mineral and willingness to exploit it ... being without close public land or plant, the transfer of membership is FREE miner without further ado, becomes owner of the land ...

RESERVE DECREE

... (09/05/1913) ... President Sáenz Peña (Agriculture Minister Adolfo Mujica) ... signed ... a decree ordering the suspension of all property searches and concession in an area ... the north of Comodoro Rivadavia to parallel that crosses the peak Salamanca, on the West till 30 kms. Village, south of the border territories of Chubut and Santa Cruz and east four leagues ... (Offshore)

... ... at ... (7.25.1913) ... the Executive sent to ... Deputies a bill ... "to avoid abuse by profiteers of the rich oil fields ... with obvious damage to the well-understood national interests" ... The proposed repeals Article 9 of the Mining Code and allowed the direct exploitation of the state law without special authorization and reservations ... and extract hydrocarbons. The law is not approved and ... (are) presented another project ... quite contrary ... proposing the establishment of a joint venture with "capitalist companies of recognized financial capacity" to exploit the reserves Comodoro Rivadavia tax.

Decree ... (from 09/05/1913) no better fate ... was based on Article 15 of the Land Act No. 4167 ... was questioned by speculators since, including the properties 'private' ... ("learned" from ) ... free ... and yet ... (and) ... Treasury Solicitor's opinion ... Lucio V. López, ... (corrected) Decree ... (8/10/1914), which restricted the great subject only to public lands ... was ... ineffective ... they will continue to grant searches and belongings in Comodoro Rivadavia 1915 ... between ... and 1916 ... (by) more than fifteen thousand acres. And ... began regular oil extraction by private companies ... precisely in concessions agreed within the large pool area.

... ... in 1913 ... Engineer Luis A. Huergo ... (President of the General Directorate of Petroleum Exploitation Comodoro Rivadavia ...: "The public authorities, with a slowness inconceivable pettiness amazing and have taken six years to clarify and make known the immense wealth to the people ... ( de) ... ... fields ... the meantime, have come Hulan of ... the 'Syndicating Operators', which have monopolized the earth ... (more than eighty thousand hectares in a single trade union), which have recruited a phalanx of proselytes, few of them conscious and unconscious by the vast majority shareholder ministers, legislators, lawyers, pen pushers Sarmiento , division chief and administrative departments, members of the Navy and the Army and the drafting of newspapers, heads of state printing, members of the religion, etc. The preliminaries of the conquest are those already employed elsewhere and currently in Mexico ... "

... those 'Syndicating Operators' ... (were) ... part of the phalanx England turned on the world to develop their 'Shell Transports' ... later ... all the companies operating in Comodoro Rivadavia were appendages of the British capital. And these agents, as in Mexico, came into our country with the complicity of some and bribing others ...

The only existing law, the 7059, paradoxically sofrenaba who was the State ... the three companies that eventually unified the procurement of 'Syndicating Operators' had his belongings ... ... reserves ... 7059 law restricted the first book in 1907, in the land that was Free property searches were located whose hoarding Huergo denounced in 1913. The settlement ... "in ownership," the excepted from the provisions of the vast reservation in the face unpatriotic ... ... (of) the 'Compañía Argentina de Comodoro Rivadavia SA' born 'Menéndez Railroad and Wells', the 'Astra' as well ... encompassed companies 'Sol', 'Solano' and 'Carmen'. Its president ... Horacio Varela Beccar ... (was) ... Minister of Agriculture ... (the) government ... "de facto" ... (1930) and accepted ... resignation ... (of) ... Mosconi.

The second was established on the basis of 'Holes' Union Comodoro Rivadavia' ... and 'Wells Menendez' and ... (his) ... President Dr. Vincent C. Gallo, MP, Senator and Minister of Interior ... in the forties was replaced by Dr. Carlos Saavedra Lamas, Deputy ... (to the approval of) ... the 7059 law, twice prime minister and ... (author) ... a legal work to legally justify the commission received on the sale of 'Ferrocarril Oeste' ... that the Attorney General's Office had called ... the "bribe." Astra directory ... the doctor was part Clodomiro Zavalía, dean of the Faculty of Law ..., director of the journal "Jurisprudence", also member of the so called 'Swiss Group' in the electric Holdings and a member of the bank ... 'Tornsquist' ...

'Tiara' ... (comes from) the absorption of ... 'Torch', 'Brilliant', 'Pearl' and 'Ruby', ... ... own belongings in Comodoro ... so trustificó oil extraction ... It is understood that these companies and their directors were mere asteroids revolving around ... (a) ... the 'Royal Dutch Shell'.

HOARDING OF SECOND PROPERTY CATE

In this process of concentration, Plaza Huincul was no exception ... (by) ... ... studies conducted in 1914, the Directorate General of Mines ... the ... (02/27/1916) ... found Neuquen oil horizon. But the stream flowed ... (after) ... three years ... the ... (25/10/1918). For four years the Bureau of Mines conducted the extraction of the independent ABSURD Comodoro Rivadavia ... when ... (31/12/1922) took over YPF reservoir ... (it became clear the error) ...

... In the meantime, the territory ... (of) ... the fiscal reserve, an octagon ... (of) ... three and a half square miles, was surrounded by ... private property ... ... (but) in this case ... the focus ... (was) ... the benefit of ... (USA). The company 'The Republic' and 'Standard' ... two names for the same company, fully accounted for the surrounding terrain possible extensions ...

... Of all searches-5320-materialized ... 425 ... 360 in Chubut, Neuquén and 65, with an average of 1964 hectares each representing ... 334 square leagues, granted to individual ... against the FIVE AND A HALF ... (agreed) ... the State as a reserve, two in Comodoro Rivadavia and three ... and a half in Plaza Huincul, ... (by) ... the resolution of ... (05/31/1920) ...

The increase in this situation ... perhaps not unrelated to the visit ... ... (1920 and 1922) ... that made deposits ... (of) a professor at the University of Birmingham, Sir John Cadman ... ('Royal Dutch Shell) and Sir Charles Greenway, chairman of the' Anglo Persian ', funded ... by the British government ... (on this referred him) ... Agriculture Minister Tomas Le Breton ... (10/17/1923) on ... ... Representatives denounced specific cases, grabbing conducting searches and concessions, under the table, large companies ... "I think it is for making things clear and openly, and if these companies must work and operate ... (in) ... our land, work and operate with your name, signature, knowing the country, if not to exploit, which do not exploit directly or indirectly, and whether there are advantages for the country and not for certain people who are intermediaries in these operations. "

... January 1924 ... (were) ... ... 7236 pending requests for searches; ... the rhythm persisted started in 1919 ... their locations: ... (Neuquén, Santa Cruz, Chubut, La Pampa, Rio Black and Tierra del Fuego and covering 8,116,000 hectares) ... {

questions arise: are all these requests for searches / belongings, were they on public land? Given the policy "very generous" land in the immediate past, what was happening turned-private land - under the protection of the laws in force - before? It is not unreasonable to think that intention was to cut the roots any attempt to exploit the oil from the Argentines - including State or -. Mendoza fader could be an example}



CATE AND PRODUCTION ... there was no direct link between the growing number of ... (foreign property) and the extraction of oil ... to ... (31/12/1922) ..., the largest percentage ... (extraction) ... almost 90% ... for the State, that "bad manager" according to ... (the) ... Dr. Gonzalez. British companies ('Astra', 'Railroad' and others) extracted in 1923 on 19 %...( of) ... ...

total was the Treasury who ... (supplied) ... the Navy and the Patagonian railways. Military aviation depended on "cash sales of the WICO" (West Indian Oil Company of New York - U.S. -) ...

... Rather than exploiting the subsoil, these companies were interested in grabbing belongings as future availability, more intensive exploitation not immediately ...

... suspect ... that being the largest UK ... ... particular extraction (en) ... Comodoro Rivadavia - sea \u200b\u200bport - was largely exported to other markets surreptitiously. Argentina especially when extraction was done at lower cost "...

... ... a focal point in the struggle for Argentine oil ...: defense or delivery of the national wealth ... (other projects) ... (25/07/1913) submitted by the executive to combat hoarding of searches ... Then ... on ... (the) ... (18/08/1913) - Adrian C. Escobar - and that meant, ..., to counteract the defensive policy of the Executive ...; 1914 - Alfredo de Marchi - ... (was attempted) ... joint exploitation Comodoro Rivadavia ... (meant) ... in fact the private companies' access to tax reservation ...; Executive again in June 1916 sent a draft ... (for) ... regulate the concessions, the split: on 'uncharted territory', to more than 10 kms of mines in operation, 'land recognized "within the 10 kms and up to 200 hectares property, and' productive land ', until one km from wells in operation and grants of up to (40) ha ... That same year Congressman proposes Veyga shot ... a corporation on the basis of Comodoro Rivadavia ... (with) ... half of the shares ... (state) and the other half would be sold among the "inhabitants" of the Republic ...

same time, Carlos F. Demarchi Melo and ... ... (proposed) ... make permanent the 7059 book of the law, agreed upon only by ... 5 years ... in 1917 Caros F. Melo and Rodolfo Moreno (h) ... (proposed state) ... iron, coal and oil, "private property in the state," the annulment of the awards and ... ... (compensation) ... "ad referendum" of Congress ... (reaction did not take long) ... Francisco M. Rep. Uriburu, which later was in Salta and Jujuy lawyer and representative of ... the 'Standard' ... (proposed investing) ... the completion and delivery, preferably, the private oil companies .., 1919 ... the Executive ... reproduced the project Melo-Moreno, but authorizing the State to contract with private ..., 1923 ... ... insisted Moreno (YPF was created by decree on 03.06.1922). Again the reaction ... Sorondo Matías Sánchez ... (that) ... tried that ... (may be agreed) searches up to 100,000 (one hundred thousand) hectares in each province and territory, ... (meant) ... the ability to concentrate, 2.4 million hectares (in a one hand) ... Sanchez Sorondo ... (later) ... it was ... (designate) ... holds the Chair of Law of Mines and Rural Law School (UBA).

... ... until 1918 parallel mining companies ... was negligible, only 35,669 meters to 672,841 cubic fiscal ... (see) ... legislative concern to protect those companies null and restrict extraction ... (to) ... State, the biggest extractor ... What was protected was the intermediary business of hoarding.
...
(The author reiterates the suspicion that the British stole Oil and taken out abroad)
... CREATING YPF


... (11.1917) the Administrative Committee of Comodoro Rivadavia ... was replaced by a manager who reported directly to the minister. Production in ... (1917 was) ... of 192,371 meters cubic arrived in 1922 to 450,520 ... ... Yrigoyen

... by order of ... (03/06/1922, created YPF) ... (10/19/1922) was appointed Director General ... (a ) ... Enrique Mosconi ... (02.1923) a full report ... those ($ 500,000-) official (initials) ... ... 7059 law had reached over of ... ($ 78,000,000-) ... (1907/1922) ... 1921 he purchased the first oil tanker ... Neuquén operated independently of the administration of Commodore ..

... Competition in the domestic market ... ... in sales of imports prevailed ... (USA) which operated from 1908 through 'WICO', ... 'Energine' (Shell), ... be installed in 1923 ... ... outsiders imposed their will the prices of light products in the market ... ... the Holdings

... (U.S.) ... after successive transformations and regrouping ... (Constituted) ... a single trust with a central command ... the growth of foreign oil companies ... (and) in many industries intertwined with their managers, were an obstacle to a balanced ... production and sales of YPF ...
...
... YPF was created when you started oiling the Republic ... to ... ...

... It has been said that Mosconi was not in favor of the nationalization of joint ventures but ... just turn to his book "THE ARGENTINE OIL" (El Ateneo, 1936) ... (above) ... which preferred the mixed companies, ... be taken into account ... admiration for Mexico ... the ... (creation) ... in ... 1923 of 'Petromex' joint enterprise, not between big capitalists, but ... (and) ... consumers ... farmers, land or sea carriers, owners electric power plants, mining trucks car owners, and small manufacturers, NO MORE BE LIMITED TO THE MEXICAN ... (in terms of its position in Argentina) ... was present in his mind since ... August 1922, after an interview ... the manager of 'WICO' ...: "sworn to myself, cooperation by all legal means to break the trust "... there is a history of his position ... Chapter 19 No ... (his book) ..." The entity that sustained efforts to emphasize to the public the need for oil wealth ... are nationalized in full Continental Alliance was founded on ... (05/03/1927) by Arturo Orzabal Quintana ... ... was a member of that organization
Mosconi ... ... FIRST RESULTS


... (by) ... report ... (of) ... early 1923 Mosconi ... (was submitted) ... a bill establishing a reserve one million hectares ... there was no penalty ... to the problem of ... (the) ... 7236 applications pending searches, the decree was issued ... the ... (10/01/1924) which suspended "until a law was passed special matter, "searches and the granting of concessions ... (in) ... the national territories. However ... between 1925 and 1926 were agreed searches by 204,000 hectares.

... the Legislature put all sorts of obstacles to increasing the tax reserve Directorate Commodore ... 1926 ... YPF generates a report to the minister: "I do not have the farm land tax Reserve ... has no new areas to exploit. Of the 200 wells that were drilled in 1927 ... (should) be reduced to 120 ... for lack of land, however a country has abundant land and oil fields of the first order ... while the state oil drains scarce resources to it granted, private companies, mostly foreign ..., increase daily farm concessions and under much more advantageous. So, no new areas have ... we have had to reduce our work plan, with consequent damage. "

... (there was) ... to draft the permanent ... (the reserve; remember having expiry date) ... and ... investment available ($ 16) ... million to strengthen the operation, approved by Members on ... (16/02/1917) Ten years ... still in the air ... the Senate never to consider the draft adopted by ... (Representatives) ... ...

"CINDERELLA"

... (in) ... ... 1922, YPF had only a daily capacity of 300 tons distillation in small and poor facilities and Comodoro Rivadavia Plaza Huincul ... in 1922 the daily output ... (was) 1,000 cubic meters ...
...
With this production, about 68,563 existing vehicles ... in 1922, only 476 could consume gasoline tax ... 0.70% of total ... oil that remained, distilled, ... 93.5% of the extracted, sold as quines could and could, usually to other companies disponíanse distillation capacity and higher prices imposed. DISTILLERY

SILVER

... ... The ... (22/05/1923) tender was called to ... (11/23/1923) was awarded to Bethlehem ... Stel Co., ... (with a commitment to) complete the installation ... before ... (15/08/1926) ... (consisted of) ... plant toppings for primary distillation of crude oil, another of "crakings" ... for kerosene and gas oil, and ... (other) ... to prepare lubricating oils. The capacity would be 2,000 tons per day of oil type Comodoro Rivadavia. The ... (12/23/1925) ... (begins) ... to distill gasoline tax, and ... (08/01/1926) ... all planned.

... ... This was a wake-up call for the trusts that dominated the market ... ... (started) ... the mobilization of all the resistance and obstacles ... that were strong and tough ... the trust, in particular ... (USA) ... with the bank co ... (started) the economic blockade of YPF who ... had to negotiate the ... ($ 24) million in letters ... cash which will help you borrow the Executive ... ... titles are not accepted.

Mosconi ... "Before signing the contract, clauses of which ... ... (had) ... partial and phased steps ... and was detained at his efforts, which was about to capsize the initiative and the obstacle the project ... was saved by ... (the) ... member of the Administrative Committee, Dr. Carlos Madariaga ... that ... (offered) ... with his private fortune to ensure the operation necessary for the work. "
...
It is worth remembering that this distillery which was threatening bombard an Argentine admiral in 1955.

Comodoro Rivadavia ELECTRIFICATION OF

One of the reasons that prevented ... more ... exploitation ... (was) ... the scarcity of water, and they all work ... is ... (made with) ... steam engine ... Mosconi ... (available ) ... electrification of the deposits. He was immediately installed a central plant with three turbo-generators of 5500 HP each, with a planned expansion ... ... allowing double or even triple the plant extract ... opened on ... (01/01/1927) ... (coinciding with) ... the greatest capacity Distillery production ... Plate.

... The extraction Commodore in 1927 doubled that of 1923 and gasoline ... (in 1923) ... only 763 meters cubic amounted in 1928 to 10,872 ... Mosconi tested the first price war ... gasoline was worth in 1924 ... $ 0 , 29 liter ... (is) ... reduced to $ 0.20 in 1930. JUMP IF



... ... Mining Code, "the mines are private property of the nation or the provinces, as the territory where they are" ... (this) ... fell on YPF to national territories and ... equal footing with private companies ... with local governments ... (happened) ... they ... you apply the provision "that prohibited the state to exploit mines" ... it was not difficult to provide local legislation itself grabbing maneuvers ..., Salta and Jujuy searches agreed upon payment, only ... ($ 10 -), the indefinite Jujuy, Salta the for five years ... the signature 'Leach Brothers' ... mills and tin, was holding almost all of the searches of Jujuy and then formed a partnership with the 'Standard' ...

In Salta, ... 1911, the governor said Avelino Figueroa reserves throughout the province ... this reserve was built in 1918 by the government ... (of) ... Abraham Cornejo, lawyer ... then ... the 'Standard'. Between ... (1918) ... and 1922, the ... ('Standard') ... garnered 1.126 million searches per-hectare ... ... Adolfo Guemes Governor returned to reintroduce the reservation and instructed YPF exploitation methodical remaining territory. The national decree ... (11/29/1926) {possible misprint?} YPF authorized to do ... (the) ... scan ... The new governor, Corvalan ... ... (up) ... again the book and turned it searches the searches of the 'Standard' ... in property, however, that for lack of work had expired ... the nine million acres were reduced to eight ...

... (and) ... to add ... (that) ... the hoarding period, the transfers between the "middle" Lord of the raids and the ... ('Standard') Mediation is conducted by Dr. Francisco Uriburu, former MP and author of an oil project already mentioned ... the Court of Mines transfers provided under ... (was) ... by ... (of) ... Rovaleti - then minister Corbalan - who was simultaneously feed provider ... (of) the 'Standard'. The incompatibility between the functions of judge and provider, it is obvious ... ...

YPF acquired the mine 'República Argentina "... ... The federal government approved by decree of the ... (16/11/1927) and was a long trial and which showed that the Clerk Government of the province had given the dossier to the ... ('Standard') ... and ... (in which) ... had stolen documents ... (to) ... make no original membership and provide a new grant for the ... ( 'Standard'). YPF finally won the lawsuit ... But in 1932 ... (province) ... signed an agreement with ... (the) ... 'Standard' ... handing the oil exploration and exploitation throughout the territory reserved ... ...

FLEET AND OTHER WORKS AND THE END OF HISTORY

Mosconi was ... concern ... YPF infrastructure ... got the transfer to the Directorate General of the two oil ... purchased with their funds and that under the Ministry of the Navy, said ... (five) ... to complete record 46,340 tons of three tugs ... 500HP each one tank and flat ... (by) ... ... 1950 tons placed a pipeline ... (on the siphon of the Brook) ... and lifted the South Basin Ground ... (continued) ... plants Rosario, Concepcion del Uruguay, Mar del Plata, Engineer White and Santa Fe to achieve a capacity of 600,000 tons ... He appointed agents throughout ... (the country) ... and put 2,000 Suppliers ... ... social work (for staff) ... was the most advanced in the country ... {"In 1920/1930 there were social work? Headquarters} ... ... (opened) ... in August 1929. Ie the reverse of modern times, DID THE WORK FIRST AND THEN INSTALL YOUR OFFICE.

... ... (made the coup of 1930), submitted his resignation ... Mosconi irrevocable ... (to) ... Agriculture Minister ... Beccar Varela, former president of the 'Railway Oil Company', a subsidiary of the 'Royal Dutch Shell' ... (opens in a match) ... new stage ... (The) constitution of the "Cartel" between the global oil major British companies and ... (USA) ...

"worthy soldiers of national emancipation"

... With these words, ..., invited to its adherents FORGE and supporters at the funeral ... General Enrique Mosconi, who died on June 4, 1940 at 63 years old ...

SOURCE
Juan Carlos Vedoya
"EVERYTHING IS HISTORY"
No. 63, December 1972