THE NATURALIZATION OF OIL
{seem only memories, old memories However, I propose to substitute oil for gold and glaciers 'Standard Oil' and 'Royal Dutch Shell' to 'Barrick Gold' and see that they are not memories, all recovered now ... but today there Yrigoyen and Mosconi?}
The government ... (was) ... a warm, blustery afternoon between national reconstruction Yrigoyenist first period, and the wreck of our primary export economy ... (and) ... a military coup in 1930 ... (and put) on the table ... public debate, the various projects to politicians and ideologues who aspired to make a certain model of country ... ...
Oil ... (was) ... the touchstone of all essential ... economic emancipation process and industrial states modern. It says ... the anxiety of the great imperialist possessory committed served ... (oil) ... for their own development and this hungry predators resulted in the formation of powerful multinational corporations dropped to exploitation and hoarding of oil and its derivatives ... insinuating and inter-imperialist struggle for the possession of large
deposits ...
OIL HISTORY OF OUR ORGANIZATION
{is valid doubt the tradition that the oil was found by chance when the water was being sought, the facts above and beyond, plus many unanswered questions answers - at least at the level of 'simple interest' - Doubt it}
... 1910 ... President Saenz Pena created the General Directorate of Petroleum Operations ... The lack of a specific legal framework governing initial efforts made by the Mining Code, until the advent of Yrigoyen who put these activities under the direct authority of the Minister of Agriculture ... Yrigoyen unsuccessfully proposed to Congress ...:
a) The issuance of resources trying to intensify the exploitation ... (12/11/1919);
b) a legal system and forms exploration and exploitation ... "mine oil are private property of the Nation. The ... (PE) may explore or exploit them directly, or individuals interested ... ... (23/09/1919);
c) a draft administrative organization ... (YPF) ... (9/26/1919) and I repeat ... these issues ... ( 20/07/1921).
..., to the insensitivity of Congress, established by decree of the ... (06/03/1922) ... DG YPF ... (01/08/1917 Members Rodolfo Moreno and Carlos F. Melo had) ... a hearty draft nationalization of the mines, petroleum, iron and coal, and expropriation those granted to individuals in the same year ... ... ... Horacio Oyhanarte warned against joint ventures and the dangers of the 'Standard' ... everything was unsuccessful.
... ... (10/16/1922) Mosconi by the direction of YPF.
... MOSCONI IN YPF
action ... (of) ... Mosconi ... made this small oil administration, a powerful state-owned company in line with the best in the world. Prompted exploration in the South, North and Cuyo; ...
(ADMINISTRATION MOSCONI BY THE NUMBERS)
Production Capital Net Profits
Mts. Cubic - $ - - $ -
1922-348888-1829269-61969912-
1924 - 553921-83030477
-1925-5371866-
1926 - 743,825-110,200. 562 -
1928-860604-15000000-166291826-
BUDGETARY RESOURCES
$ 21,599,954-1923-
$ 57,680,000
1925 $ 74,366,502-1928 ... promoted the construction of the Silver ... Distillery started in 1923 and opened ... the ... (23/12/1925), the electrification of Comodoro Rivadavia, the creation of a fleet Ship-tanks ...
... enlisted the help of loyalists ... General ... ... Alfonso Baldrich and two governors honest Salta, Adolfo Guemes and Julio Cornejo.
The struggle to defend the oil-consuming Salta ... concessions given by previous governments to the 'Standard Oil Co. ' It reached its most dynamic ... (as) ... the governor Guemes, in September 1923 ... had rejected a proposal by Senators Master Robustiano Uriburu Francisco Costa gave 90 000-ha ... (a) ... the 'Standard' ... (Mosconi ) ...: "... the Northern region, which was being gradually and persistently monopolized by the trusts ..." ... (12/12/1924) ... the 'Standard' ... (processed) concessions by the provincial legislature, Guemes ordered the suspension of all concessions and declared a reserve ... (the province) ... "the problem affects pointed ... directly the overall economy and even national security. "
... (Güemes requested) ... ... technical YPF Alvear ... from there ... the mission entrusted to Salta and Jujuy ... Mosconi, who ... (uncovered) ... the operational rules of imperialism: "the penetration smiling , consolidating the opposition carefully and insolent "unfortunately ... Güemes ... (it happened) ... the Governor Joaquin Corbalan in 1925.
{What happened mines?}
... man of the oligarchy villager ... (Antartica) ... restarted the concession policy, delivered over 30 to front for the 'Standard' and ... (rejected) ... an agreement ... (with) ... not arguing YPF was a legal person and the state could not exploit mining properties, according to the Mining Code. It brought out federalism, centralism ... was accused of wanting to seize Buenos Aires ... from ... (oil) ... as granted concessions to the 'Standard' in exchange for royalties ...
tiny
This position ... was repaired by the government ... ... (of) ... Julio Cornejo in 1928 ... (16/07/1928) ... ordered the revocation of the permits granted to private companies and repealed the previous ... (15/10/1929) ... extended the Effective tax oil reserves ... (04/26/1930) ... finished with abuse allegations at single outcrops mine. This earned him a notorious trial in the Court of the Nation, the province defended by ... Silvio Bonardi and 'Standard' ... by ... Romulo S. Naón.
... The armed opposition groups were YPF well characterized ... (by) ... ... maneuvers in the North to be an oil unit in Bolivia, ... the 'Standard' ... of American trusts ... (of) ... John D. Rockefeller, who sold the gasoline 'Wico', with subsidiaries such as 'West Indian Oil Co.' And other children. The Anglo-Dutch group of the 'Royal Dutch Shell' founded by Sir Henry Deterging, marketed gasoline 'Energine' had among its subsidiaries a. "Diadema Argentina 'and operated in Patagonia ... (also was) ...' Astra '... (controlled by) ... Bunge and Born, Bemberg y Cia., Dodero Brothers and other ... (they had) ... ties with the 'West Indian Oil Company. "
... ... the Executive Branch proposed ... the ... (15/09/1923) ... reforms to the Mining Code and regulations for concessions. Claimed national ownership, repealing the prohibitions on the State to exploit mines, securing control over the exploration and the ability to make the permits expire. It also projected a large distillery ... and ... special resources were never voted in the House.
... had to deal with orders in 1924 to regulate the mining procedures and encourage the exploration ... reserves were decreed in 1925 ... (in) ... the territory of Misiones, Chaco and Formosa, to expand ... (in 11/1926 and 07/1927) ...
THE STRUGGLE FOR WORLD DOMAIN, THE OIL
... The fact ... (was) ... the inter-imperialist struggle to dominate or divide up the world's petroleum basins ...
action ... in English monopolies 'Shell' and American 'Esso', had with economic and political support of their governments ...
That ... conjunction'Standard state '... (culminated) ... Coolidge's presidency, when creating the ... (12/19/1924) Federal Directory for the Conservation of Oil ... The study ... (the) ... stocks, control domestic production, future calculations ...
{Note that the Directorate General of YPF was created in 1922}
... The ... (31/12/1925) ... ... Pueyrredón warned the ambassador from Washington, ... "call attention to the danger they are exposed ... (the) ... country if no measures are taken from and conjure it. At the moment ... seems remote because it is exploited on a large scale, or Argentine oil exports. But if we hope may be too late ... and ... then hitting acquired rights under the laws that granted it. "
... (in the same way) ... the Latin American Union ... Engineers ... Palacios Ugarte ... ... del Mazo, ...
... (in a ceremony in Paris) ... two thousand students spoke Latin ... Miguel de Unamuno, ... José Vasconcellos (Mexican), Haya de la Torre ... (Peru), ... Quijano (Uruguay), ... Asturias (Guatemala), Engineer and Ugarte ...
The Union petitioned the Congress to nationalize oil, "considering that is one of the most effective means of ensuring the independence ... economy of the Latin American republics against foreign capital. "
... (for) ... tend to the "spiritual unity, economic and political" of America ... America was founded in May 1927, Continental alliance ... (Orzabal Quintana, Sanchez Viamonte, Aguirre Celiz, Guglielmini, Ordaz, of Mojardin, Lebensohn) ... supported by ... Mosconi and Baldrich, ... (had) ... the purpose ... create a climate conducive to the nationalization of oil ...
In the political order created the National Board for the Defense of Petroleum ... (López Ferrota, Monteagudo, Gil Navarro, the University Committee Radical: Jauretche, Menica, Country, Manzioni - Homero Manzi - Barro, May Zuviria, Guardo) ...
the nationalization of oil and the Argentine Congress
... Senate ... continued ... her ... (Attitude) ... hostile to Yrigoyenism ... (that) ... Only four senators have reached ... (against) ... twelve mines, nine Conservative and two Socialists. Deputies In ... most were Yrigoyenist.
(PARK AUTOMOTIVE AND MARKETING)
sales ... YPF (gasoline in liters) ...:
3,026,100 to 1923
5,941,500 to 1925
72,190,900 to 1927
{sic. Audited figures in text}
... The ... (increase) ... over the 300,000-cars-trucks and 90,000 ... no ... (could) ... to be fully supplied by YPF oil imports ... ... (in tonnes)
970,000 to 1923 837,000
- 1925
1,368,000 to 1927
railway industries, electrical, manufacturing ..., needed import by foreign firms with exclusive benefits for them ... the price of gasoline was set according to orders received from abroad and according to international fluctuations, not being uniform throughout the territory ... The sale by the liter ranged between $ 0.24 and $ 0.34 cents., according to ... (shipping costs) ...
... Argentina ... with ... (his) ... economy driven by foreign investment in the control of international trade, agricultural production, landlord, and the median industry ... (with) ... more than $ 7000 million ... (with) ... ... the following sources: $ 4,380 million (England), $ 1,380 million (U.S.) , $ 970 million (France) and $ 860 million (Germany) ...
... Deputies embarked on the treatment ... July-September 1927 ... ... Yrigoyenist Members (as framed) ... ... in two aspects: to consider oil as a private good of the nation and give its holding exclusively to the National ... propositions Yrigoyenism late ... ( submitted) ... the (08/03/1927) ...: nationalization of the mines, exploration, exploitation and annexes means of sea transport, land and river sole responsibility of the State; expropriation of concessions given to individuals by the nation or the provinces; ban oil exports.
...
Throughout countless sessions ... (En) ... ... August and September, the debate offered a clear differentiation of positions ... ... ... lawmakers (Yrigoyenism) ... showed a great revolutionary vocation ... against those who argued the progress ... on the constitutional and federal law of the provinces, and also an updated knowledge of international issues ... (the Yrigoyenism) ... to the thrust of imperialism in its quest to conquer markets and exploit the natural resources of underdeveloped countries.
... ... Giuffra Rep. ... (showed) ... the constitutionality ... (Of) ... nationalization and justified by public law, ... as being consistent with the Mining Code ... ... (and) ... with the federal system ... ... Gonzalez Zimmerman deputy confronted the criteria ... (of) ... underestimate the role State administrator and businessman ...
... (for) ... having the ability to ... (go) ... ... the project ahead of nationalization, was obtained ... the constitution of the House in permanent session ... shared the view ... of Yrigoyenism , the independent bloc ... De Tomasso Bunge and ... ... and the conservative opposition, mines and traditional socialist ... the Julio C. Mendoza Raffo of Reta ..., Calvo, Meabe and Moreno. Usandivaras ... ...:
"Opening the doors to foreign capital, to come full force representing various nations of the world, they will contribute to national defense, to look after their own interests have to take care of our joint solidarity for identical aspirations. "
Socialism ..." The State is a bad owner, the state is an industrial worse, the state is a bad trader "... (And) ... Repetto: "This monopoly of the native Argentine oil trade seeks attributed oil and derivatives would be a fantastic work which may lead to worse consequences."
... (Antipersonalist) ... Alcorta ... , adhered to the principle of joint exploitation but against nationalization, arguing that the House has no constitutional power of Congress to change the constitutional system ... (it was) ... fragile federalism argument likely to make pacts self ... (provincial) ... with foreign companies ...
... (23/09/1927) ... the project was favorable penalty by 65 votes to 55 ... the subject ... the expropriation of concessions had to be postponed ...
... ... a new version of the project ... "the study, exploration and ... exploitation of deposits and the transport monopoly, will be responsible for an autonomous ... (the) Address Oilfield Produces the Nation "... (with) ... ... powers to regulate domestic marketing, pricing Sales of oil and its derivatives, and the acquisition of all means of transport.
EMINENT DOMAIN FOR PRIVATE OIL CONCESSIONS
... (with) the law of 1927 ... The no expropriation of deposits was granted to private companies ... (and) ... the most Yrigoyenist lean in the House, and the withdrawal of support to the thesis independent socialist expropriation ...
given the option of getting the nationalization as a principle, or not, the sacrifice that part ... Yrigoyenism
... after crushing victories April 1928 ... the ... Yrigoyen reelection in a "referendum" until then unparalleled in the country ... ... 91 parliamentary representation to 36 conservative deputies Yrigoyenist, 15 mines, 10 of ... (the) ... socialism and 6 provincial parties.
... ... meeting ... (07/26/1928) ... reproduced ... takings clause: "hereby declared a public utility of all farms, sources and reservoirs of oil and gas hydrocarbons are in the basement or that escape the earth's surface ... and also the accessories of such mines, referred to Article 12 of the Mining Code, which had been granted to individuals by the national government or provincial governments, ..., carrying the Executive to its expropriation in accordance with legal provisions in force. "
understand
{ that the author overstates the importance of achievement, and it was only half the battle, but served to patenting the positions of each other.}
... in the debate ..., 1928 ... (shows) ... the expropriation position Yrigoyenist block ... against ... (conservative) ... landmines, Socialists and Independent Socialists ... (Which had supported) ... the formula Melo-Gallo, the "United Front."
... ... ... Saccone Rep. ... (Yrigoyenist) ... "Let's start with the oil will then refrigerators and railways. We must not internationalist nationalist politics. We socialize a public good. We are quasi-socialist regime with oil ... "
The preferred socialism ... ... ... sorry for the legal uncertainty condemning foreign investment, stating that" nowhere in the State's industrial world oil "... and ... (advising a monopoly on the snuff, if it was nationalized).
... ... filibuster frustrated ... was passed ... (the) ... (09/17/1928) ... Added a second article authorizes the Executive ... "to declare the forfeiture of prospecting concessions. The National State in the exploration or exploitation of such property, shall enjoy all rights accorded by the Mining Code to the holders of concessions. "
... The vote in the affirmative, 79 members ... On the negative, 17 MPs ...
... (but) ... not reached the state monopoly on oil imports and the sale of gasoline, derivatives and products ...
... ... The major newspapers predicted the political interference in YPF, the waste demagogic nationalism exaltations sensational. "The Nation" ... (holding) ... the law unconstitutional, and ... (others) ... and protested on behalf of provincial rights violated ... ...
The Senate never deign to consider the penalty ... (of Representatives) ...
... I had warned him with a quizzical one of the members of the regime, opposition in the debate of 1927 ... "The law takes lead in the womb - said three years before September 06 - and has just been designed to posterity, to the file, and history "...
SOURCE
Luis C. Lascano Alén
"Everything is history
No. 90, November 1974
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